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arXiv 2403.12367stat.MLcs.LGstat.ME
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学习政策相关观察性研究中匹配的协变量重要性

Learning covariate importance for matching in policy-relevant observational research

Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA(生物统计学、流行病学与信息学系,宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学学院,费城,PA);School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), China(数据科学学院,香港中文大学(深圳)(CUHK-Shenzhen),中国)

Hongzhe Zhang, Jiasheng Shi, Jing Huang

AI总结:

针对观察性研究中协变量相关性不均导致传统匹配失效的问题,提出半监督PAMA框架,利用专家配对和无标签数据学习协变量权重,并验证其一致性、扩展性及显著匹配性能。

摘要:

匹配方法被广泛用于降低观察性研究中的混杂效应,但传统方法通常将所有协变量视为同等重要,当协变量与研究的相关性不同时,这可能导致较差的性能。我们提出了Priority-Aware one-to-one Matching Algorithm(PAMA,优先级感知一对一匹配算法),这是一种新颖的半监督框架,从由专家配对的单元子集数据中学习协变量重要性度量,并用其匹配额外单元。该框架优化一个加权二次评分,该评分反映每个协变量与研究之间的相关性,并使用无标签数据迭代更新评分函数中的协变量重要性度量。PAMA不依赖模型,但我们已经证明,当oracle匹配规则与设计一致时,协变量重要性度量——即学习到的权重——具有一致性。此外,我们介绍了若干扩展,用于处理不平衡数据、容纳时变协变量,并提高对错配观测的稳健性。在模拟中,PAMA优于标准方法,尤其是在高维设置和模型误设情况下。在一项关于线下到校上学与COVID-19传播的真实世界研究中,PAMA使用基线协变量恢复的专家指定匹配数量约为竞争方法的两倍。自学习扩展改善了模拟中的性能,但其收益取决于具体情境。据我们所知,PAMA是首个将半监督学习应用于具有不同相关性协变量的观察性匹配的框架。它为将专家洞见纳入政策相关观察性研究提供了一个可扩展且可解释的工具。

英文摘要:

Matching methods are widely used to reduce confounding effects in observational studies, but conventional approaches often treat all covariates as equally important, which can result in poor performance when covariates differ in their relevance to the study. We propose the Priority-Aware one-to-one Matching Algorithm (PAMA), a novel semi-supervised framework that learns a covariate importance measure from a subset data of units that are paired by experts and uses it to match additional units. It optimizes a weighted quadratic score that reflects the relevance between each covariate and the study, and iteratively updates the covariate importance measure in the score function using unlabeled data. PAMA is model-free, but we have established that the covariate importance measure -- the learned weights -- is consistent when the oracle matching rule aligns with the design. In addition, we introduce extensions that address imbalanced data, accommodate temporal covariates, and improve robustness to mispaired observations. In simulations, PAMA outperforms standard methods, particularly in high-dimensional settings and under model misspecification. Applied to a real-world study of in-person schooling and COVID-19 transmission, PAMA recovers nearly twice as many expert-designated matches as competing methods using baseline covariates. A self-taught learning extension improves performance in simulations, though its benefit is context-dependent. To our knowledge, PAMA is the first framework to apply semi-supervised learning to observational matching with covariates of unequal relevance. It offers a scalable and interpretable tool for incorporating expert insight into policy-relevant observational research.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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