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arXiv 2403.04839astro-ph.GA
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星系之外的恒星形成:团内恒星广泛的原位形成

Star formation beyond galaxies: widespread in-situ formation of intra-cluster stars

Niusha Ahvazi, Laura V. Sales, Julio F. Navarro, Andrew Benson, Alessandro Boselli, Richard D'Souza

AI总结:

基于 TNG50 模拟,研究发现大质量星系团中 8%–28% 的团内光恒星原位形成于距中心星系数百 kpc 的凝结气体云,并给出当前约 1 M⊙/yr 的弥散形成率及 Hα 探测灵敏度要求。

摘要:

我们研究了 TNG50 模拟中三个质量最大的星系团内原位形成的团内光(ICL)所占比例,这些星系团的维里质量约为 10^14 M⊙。我们发现,相当大比例的 ICL 恒星(8%–28%)是原位诞生的。这相当于可与中心星系本身相比的总恒星质量。与简单预期相反,这些原位 ICL 恒星中只有次要比例诞生于中心区域,并在随后的并合过程中被重新分布到能量更高的轨道上。相反,许多原位 ICL 恒星直接形成于距中心星系数百千秒差距之外、由环星系团介质凝结而成的云团中。模拟预测,当前的弥散恒星形成率约为 1 M⊙/yr,在更高红移处形成率更高。ICL 的弥散恒星形成成分本质上呈纤维状,延伸数百千秒差距,并追踪星系团宿主晕中中性气体的分布。我们简要讨论了模拟中重子处理的数值细节,尤其是恒星形成的密度阈值和物态方程,可能如何影响这一结果。我们得出结论:要探测星系团中的这种弥散恒星形成成分,需要在 Hα 流量上达到 1.6×10^-19–2.6×10^-18 erg s^-1 cm^-2 arcsec^-2 的灵敏度,这超出了当前观测能力。

英文摘要:

We study the fraction of the intra-cluster light (ICL) formed in-situ in the three most massive clusters of the TNG50 simulation, with virial masses $\sim 10^{14}$ M$_{\odot}$. We find that a significant fraction of ICL stars ($8\%$-$28\%$) are born in-situ. This amounts to a total stellar mass comparable to the central galaxy itself. Contrary to simple expectations, only a sub-dominant fraction of these in-situ ICL stars are born in the central regions and later re-distributed to more energetic orbits during mergers. Instead, many in-situ ICL stars form directly hundreds of kiloparsecs away from the central galaxy, in clouds condensing out of the circum-cluster medium. The simulations predict a present-date diffuse star formation rate of $\sim$1 $\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$/yr, with higher rates at higher redshifts. The diffuse star forming component of the ICL is filamentary in nature, extends for hundreds of kiloparsecs and traces the distribution of neutral gas in the cluster host halo. We discuss briefly how numerical details of the baryonic treatment in the simulation, in particular the density threshold for star formation and the equation of state, may play a role in this result. We conclude that a sensitivity of $1.6 \times 10^{-19} - 2.6 \times 10^{-18}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ arcsec$^{-2}$ in H$_α$ flux (beyond current observational capabilities) would be necessary to detect this diffuse star-forming component in galaxy clusters.

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