SKA和ngVLA在（亚）厘米波长下对行星形成盘中子结构的可观测性
Observability of substructures in planet-forming disk in (sub)cm wavelength with SKA and ngVLA
AI总结：
本文通过多流体模拟和辐射转移计算，评估了SKA和ngVLA在亚厘米/厘米波段对原行星盘子结构的成像能力，发现它们能补充ALMA并高分辨率观测内区，ngVLA可在短时内高保真成像，并首次探讨了SKA2的潜力。
摘要：
当前使用ALMA对原行星盘进行的成像观测主要集中于亚毫米波长，这导致了对厘米级尘埃的有效观测手段存在空白，而厘米级尘埃对行星形成问题至关重要。即将到来的SKA和ngVLA可能会弥补这一不足。在本文中，我们采用多流体流体动力学数值模拟和辐射转移计算，研究SKA1-Mid、ngVLA和SKA2在亚厘米/厘米波长下对原行星盘成像的潜力。我们基于流体动力学模拟输出，在ALMA/SKA/ngVLA的多波长下生成模拟图像，并测试不同的灵敏度和空间分辨率。我们发现SKA和ngVLA都将成为ALMA现有观测范围的良好补充，其高分辨率使其能够对盘的内区（距恒星约5 au）中的子结构进行成像。我们的结果表明，SKA和ngVLA可用于厘米波段的更长时间监测项目。而在亚厘米范围内，ngVLA具备在比先前研究更短的观测时间（约1小时源时间）内生成高保真图像的能力，为未来的巡天观测提供了潜力。我们还首次讨论了SKA2在0.7厘米波长下观测原行星盘的潜力。
英文摘要：
Current imaging observations of protoplanetary disks using ALMA primarily focus on the sub-millimeter wavelength, leaving a gap in effective observational approaches for centimeter-sized dust, which is crucial to the issue of planet formation. The forthcoming SKA and ngVLA may rectify this deficiency. In this paper, we employ multi-fluid hydrodynamic numerical simulations and radiative transfer calculations to investigate the potential of SKA1-Mid, ngVLA, and SKA2 for imaging protoplanetary disks at sub-cm/cm wavelengths. We create mock images with ALMA/SKA/ngVLA at multi-wavelengths based on the hydrodynamical simulation output, and test different sensitivity and spatial resolutions. We discover that both SKA and ngVLA will serve as excellent supplements to the existing observational range of ALMA, and their high resolution enables them to image substructures in the disk's inner region ($\sim$ 5 au from the stellar). Our results indicate that SKA and ngVLA can be utilized for more extended monitoring programs in the centimeter waveband. While in the sub-centimeter range, ngVLA possesses the capability to produce high-fidelity images within shorter observation times ($\sim$ 1 hour on source time) than previous research, holding potential for future survey observations. We also discuss for the first time the potential of SKA2 for observing protoplanetary disks at a 0.7 cm wavelength.
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