液晶入门课程I：相和结构性质
Curso introductorio de cristales líquidos I: fases y propiedades estructurales (Introductory Course on Liquid Crystals I: Phases and Structural Properties)
AI总结：
针对墨西哥及拉美地区西班牙语液晶教学文献稀缺的问题，本文以西班牙语撰写基础课程内容，讲解单轴向列相液晶的对称与有序性解析表征，支持该领域西语人才培养。
摘要：
液晶是所谓软凝聚态物质的典型代表。简单来说，它们是“结构化液体”，历史上一直备受关注，因为它们有助于在物理学中催生新的概念和知识，并且具备重要的电光应用，例如用于移动电脑和电话的显示屏中。最近，研究人员发现液晶可应用于超材料制造以及生物医学领域，在组织识别、可控药物递送以及细菌和病毒检测方面具有潜在应用价值。然而在墨西哥，液晶课程仅被纳入少数物理学本科专业的培养方案，且在大多数情况下属于选修课。因此，西班牙语的液晶教学文献十分稀缺。在本文中，我们将探讨液晶的基础物理学知识以及用于分析液晶的数学工具。我们将主要讲解如何对静态单轴向列相液晶（所有液晶相中最简单的一种）的对称性和有序性进行解析表征。我们将以基础术语展开讲解，适合具备线性代数和矢量微积分知识、首次接触该主题的本科中年级理工科学生。我们的目标是为拉丁美洲科学界培养该领域的人力资源提供支持。本文以西班牙语撰写，旨在助力专业文献中仅以其他语言存在的概念的构建与传播。
英文摘要：
Liquid crystals are the prototype of the so-called soft condensed matter. In simple terms they are "structured liquids" that historically have received a lot of interest because they help to generate new concepts and knowledge in Physics, and possess important electro--optical applications, e. g., in displays of mobile computers and telephones. More recently, it has been discovered that liquid crystals could be applied in fabrication of metamaterials and in biomedicine where they are potentially useful for tissue identification, controlled drug delivery and detection of bacteria and viruses. However, in Mexico, liquid crystals courses are included only in a few undergraduate programs on Physics being elective in most of the cases. Therefore, literature for teaching about liquid crystals in Spanish is scarce. In this paper we will discuss about elementary Physics of liquid crystals and the mathematical tools that permit to analyze them. We will explain, mainly, how to analytically characterize the symmetry and order of static uniaxial nematic liquid crystals, the most simple of all liquid crystal phases. We will conduct this explanation in basic terms, suitable for science and engineering students at intermediate undergraduate level, with knowledge about linear algebra and vector calculus, willing to approach for the first time to this subject. Our goal is to support the Latin American scientific community in preparing human resources in this field. The article is written in Spanish to contribute to the establishment and communication of concepts that only exist in other languages in the specialized literature.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
