阿塔卡马大口径亚毫米波望远镜（AtLAST）科学研究：行星与彗星大气
Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) Science: Planetary and Cometary Atmospheres
AI总结：
本文总结了拟建的50米级AtLAST望远镜针对行星与彗星大气研究的四大关键科学场景，其提升的观测性能将推动行星环境、益生分子起源及行星宜居性相关研究。
摘要：
研究太阳系内的行星与小天体是理解地球及其他行星形成与演化的基础。对巨行星的成分与气象学研究，为理解最常观测到的系外行星的本质提供了基础；而对类地行星、卫星与彗星大气的光谱观测，则能帮助我们洞察行星环境过去与现在的宜居性，以及生命所需化学成分的可获得性。尽管过往及现有（亚）毫米波观测已在这些领域取得重大进展，但现有望远镜与干涉仪在动态范围、时空覆盖度以及灵敏度方面的局限，仍阻碍着研究的推进。在此，我们总结了影响阿塔卡马大口径亚毫米波望远镜（AtLAST，一台拟建的50米级单碟设施）设计的部分关键行星科学应用场景：（1）更全面地表征行星风场与大气热结构；（2）测量冰卫星大气与喷流的成分；（3）探测新的与天体生物学相关的气体，并开展彗星同位素调查；（4）开展协同的时间分辨测量，为专用行星际空间任务提供支持。这些科学场景要求提升空间覆盖范围（数角分）、分辨率（约1.2角秒-12角秒）、带宽（数十GHz）、动态范围（约10^5）以及灵敏度（约1 mK km s^-1），这些提升将为行星环境的化学与物理过程、益生分子的起源，以及广义上行星系统的宜居性带来新的认知。
英文摘要：
The study of planets and small bodies within our Solar System is fundamental for understanding the formation and evolution the Earth and other planets. Compositional and meteorological studies of the giant planets provide a foundation for understanding the nature of the most commonly observed exoplanets, while spectroscopic observations of the atmospheres of terrestrial planets, moons, and comets provide insights into the past and present-day habitability of planetary environments, and the availability of the chemical ingredients for life. While prior and existing (sub)millimeter observations have led to major advances in these areas, progress is hindered by limitations in the dynamic range, spatial and temporal coverage, as well as sensitivity of existing telescopes and interferometers. Here, we summarize some of the key planetary science use cases that factor into the design of the Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST), a proposed 50-m class single dish facility: (1) to more fully characterize planetary wind fields and atmospheric thermal structures, (2) to measure the compositions of icy moon atmospheres and plumes, (3) to obtain detections of new, astrobiologically relevant gases and perform isotopic surveys of comets, and (4) to perform synergistic, temporally-resolved measurements in support of dedicated interplanetary space missions. The improved spatial coverage (several arcminutes), resolution ($\sim1.2''-12''$), bandwidth (several tens of GHz), dynamic range ($\sim10^5$) and sensitivity ($\sim1$ mK km s$^{-1}$) required by these science cases would enable new insights into the chemistry and physics of planetary environments, the origins of prebiotic molecules and the habitability of planetary systems in general.
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