将测量诱导相变推广到信息交换对称性破缺
Generalizing measurement-induced phase transitions to information exchange symmetry breaking
AI总结：
本文提出信息交换对称性及其自发破缺框架，将测量诱导相变推广到更一般的量子信息转移与量子增强实验，并在 Haar 随机砖墙模型中识别出新普适类。
摘要：
在本工作中，我们研究了量子反作用导致受监测系统的信息动力学发生相变的条件。我们引入了一个框架，涵盖广泛的实验，包括由投影测量构成的探测，以及更一般地将量子信息从系统转移到量子计算机的探测。我们的框架明确使用了一个耦合系统、装置和环境的幺正演化模型。我们利用演化态的 Rényi 熵和 von Neumann 熵研究信息动力学，并为它们构建了副本理论。我们识别了实验可能具有的副本对称性，并讨论了它们的自发对称性破缺。特别地，我们识别了一个最小子群，其自发对称性破缺会导致纠缠相变。只有当装置中的信息与转移到环境中的信息对系统动力学具有同等信息量时，这种对称性才可能存在。我们将这一要求称为信息交换对称性，并通过熵之间的关系对其进行量化。随后，我们展示了如何在不借助副本理论的情况下，将纠缠相变理解为信息交换对称性的自发破缺。接着，我们证明信息交换对称性破缺推广了测量诱导相变（MIPT）的现象学。我们将该理论应用于一篇配套快报 [Phys. Rev. A 111, L010402 (2025)] 中引入的砖墙量子增强实验，其中幺正算符选自 Haar 测度，并识别出一种不同于 MIPT 的独特普适性。这种信息交换对称性破缺的概念推广了 MIPT，并为理解量子增强实验中的量子信息动力学提供了框架。
英文摘要：
In this work we investigate the conditions for quantum back action to result in a phase transition in the information dynamics of a monitored system. We introduce a framework that captures a wide range of experiments encompassing probes comprised of projective measurements and probes which more generally transfer quantum information from the system to a quantum computer. Our framework explicitly uses a model of unitary evolution which couples system, apparatus and environment. Information dynamics is investigated using the Rényi and von-Neumann entropies of the evolving state, and we construct a replica theory for them. We identify the possible replica symmetries an experiment can possess and discuss their spontaneous symmetry breaking. In particular, we identify a minimum subgroup whose spontaneous symmetry breaking results in an entanglement transition. This symmetry is only possible when the information in the apparatus is as informative about the dynamics of the system as the information transferred to the environment. We call this requirement the information exchange symmetry and quantify it by a relationship between the entropies. We then show how the entanglement transition can be understood as the spontaneously breaking of the information exchange symmetry and without referring to the replica theory. Information exchange symmetry breaking is then shown to generalize the phenomenology of the measurement-induced phase transition (MIPT). We apply this theory to the brickwork quantum-enhanced experiment introduced in an accompanying Letter [Phys. Rev. A 111, L010402 (2025) ] in the case where the unitaries are chosen from the Haar measure, and identify a distinct universality from the MIPT. This notion of information exchange symmetry breaking generalizes the MIPT, and provides a framework for understanding the dynamics of quantum information in quantum-enhanced experiments.
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