倾斜搓衣板势能的故事
Tale of Tilted Washboards of Potential Energy
AI总结：
本文旨在向本科生推广倾斜搓衣板势能，探讨了其在经典力学、量子物理（如约瑟夫森结和相位量子比特）及光学（如激光产生的电光势能）中的应用。
摘要：
倾斜搓衣板势能是势能的周期函数，其图像让人联想到倾斜的洗衣服搓衣板轮廓。直到1970年之前几乎无人知晓，如今搓衣板势能已成为众多物理研究和技术中无处不在且具有开创性的势能景观，正受到广泛关注。然而，搓衣板势能仍很少向科学与工程本科生讲授；也许他们会在初次学习 Josephson junction（约瑟夫森结）时听说过。为了促进向本科生展示此类势能，我们在此考虑了搓衣板势能在以下领域的情况：经典力学、量子物理和光学。量子情况是超导 Josephson junction，其相位准粒子具有倾斜搓衣板势能，从而带来重要应用，例如量子计算中的 phase qubit（相位量子比特）。光学情况是用激光束产生的电光势能，其中数千个原子电偶极子可能被限制或演化，这些势能要么由激光 Bessel beams（贝塞尔光束）产生，要么由激光驻波产生，其周期性势能轮廓隐式倾斜，或者可以通过实验调整使其倾斜。电光势能目前被用于快节奏的基础研究中，例如 Brownian particle motors（布朗粒子马达）、光晶格中的原子捕获、光学原子钟、生物细胞中的蛋白质运输以及凝聚态物理等。
英文摘要：
Tilted washboard potentials are periodic functions of potential energy whose graphs remind the profiles of inclined washboards for scrubbing clothes. Practically unknown until the 1970, washboard potentials are at present ubiquitous seminal landscapes across diverse physics researches and technologies now receiving significant attention. However, washboard potentials are still rarely presented to science and engineering undergraduates; perhaps they could hear about those when first studying Josephson junctions. Aiming to promote the presentation of such potentials to undergraduates, we here consider cases of washboard potentials in: classical mechanics, quantum physics and optics. The quantum case is the superconducting Josephson junction whose phase quasi-particle has a tilted washboard potential leading to important applications, e.g. the phase qubit in quantum computation. Optical cases are electro-optical potentials generated with laser beams in which thousands of atom electric dipoles may become confined or evolve, potentials being generated either with laser Bessel beams, or with laser standing waves, whose periodic potential profile is implicitly tilted or may be experimentally adjusted to become tilted. Electro-optical potentials are presently used in fast-paced fundamental research, e.g. Brownian particle motors, atom trapping in optical lattices, optical atomic clocks, protein transport in biological cells, and in condensed matter physics to name a few.
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