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arXiv 2402.07979astro-ph.GA
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破解球状星团质量与1P恒星分数的关系:I. 当今星团质量作为首个工具

Cracking the relation between mass and 1P-star fraction of globular clusters: I. Present-day cluster masses as a first tool

Geneviève Parmentier

AI总结:

本研究通过假设2P恒星形成的固定质量阈值、1P恒星分数与新星团质量的幂律关系及其时间恒定性,演化模型至12Gyr,成功重现了银河系球状星团当前的质量与1P恒星分数分布,并推断出多重种群星团长期演化的最小质量为$4 \cdot 10^5~M_{\odot}$。

摘要:

多重恒星种群现象在质量巨大的球状星团中尤为显著,其中第一代种群(1P)恒星的比例随星团当前质量的增加而递减。我们以前所未有的细节解读这一关系。我们假设: 形成第二代种群(2P)恒星存在固定的恒星质量阈值; 新形成星团的质量 $m_{ecl}$ 与其1P恒星分数 $F_{1P}$ 之间满足幂律关系 $F_{1P} \propto m_{ecl}^{-1}$; $F_{1P}$ 随时间保持恒定。随后,将 $F_{1P}(m_{ecl})$ 关系演化至 12Gyr,采用的潮汐场强度代表了整个银河系晕。12Gyr 的模型轨迹极好地覆盖了银河系球状星团在(质量,$F_{1P}$)空间中的当前分布。该分布在右上侧受限于大银心距离处星团的稀缺性,在左下侧受限于极高质量星团的初始稀缺性以及动力学摩擦。由于具有不同的解体速率,“内部”和“外部”模型星团彼此发生偏移,这与观测结果一致。麦哲伦云星团在(质量,$F_{1P}$)空间中的位置,与在温和潮汐场中演化的中等年龄星团的预期一致。鉴于假设的 $F_{1P}$ 恒定性,我们得出结论:2P恒星不一定形成于中心集中区域。我们推断,在长期演化开始时,多重种群星团的最小质量为 $4 \cdot 10^5~M_{\odot}$。这一高质量阈值严格限制了演化星团流失的2P恒星数量,从而契合了银河系晕场较低的2P恒星比例。

英文摘要:

The phenomenon of multiple stellar populations is exacerbated in massive globular clusters, with the fraction of first-population (1P) stars a decreasing function of the cluster present-day mass. We decipher this relation in far greater detail than has been done so far. We assume (i) a fixed stellar mass threshold for the formation of second-population (2P) stars, (ii) a power-law scaling $F_{1P} \propto m_{ecl}^{-1}$ between the mass $m_{ecl}$ of newly-formed clusters and their 1P-star fraction $F_{1P}$, and (iii) a constant $F_{1P}$ over time. The $F_{1P}(m_{ecl})$ relation is then evolved up to an age of 12Gyr for tidal field strengths representative of the entire Galactic halo. The 12Gyr-old model tracks cover extremely well the present-day distribution of Galactic globular clusters in (mass,$F_{1P}$) space. The distribution is curtailed on its top-right side by the scarcity of clusters at large Galactocentric distances, and on its bottom-left side by the initial scarcity of very high-mass clusters, and dynamical friction. Given their distinct dissolution rates, "inner" and "outer" model clusters are offset from each other, as observed. The locus of Magellanic Clouds clusters in (mass,$F_{1P}$) space is as expected for intermediate-age clusters evolving in a gentle tidal field. Given the assumed constancy of $F_{1P}$, we conclude that 2P-stars do not necessarily form centrally-concentrated. We infer a minimum mass of $4 \cdot 10^5~M_{\odot}$ for multiple-populations clusters at secular evolution onset. This high-mass threshold severely limits the amount of 2P-stars lost from evolving clusters, thereby fitting the low 2P-star fraction of the Galactic halo field.

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