紫外神话
The Ultraviolet myth
AI总结：
本文揭露量子史中紫外灾难驱动普朗克引入量子理论的常见迷思，指出其时间线颠倒，普朗克实为拟合黑体辐射数据而提出辐射定律，能量分包仅为计算熵的数学技巧。
摘要：
在历史背景下介绍量子物理学是非常常见的做法。尽管这样做有其优点，但问题在于，许多已成为物理学传说核心的故事仅仅是伪历史，与真实事件相去甚远。现在是时候停止不加批判地复制这些故事，转而努力呈现量子物理学发展的真实面貌了。本文讨论量子史上最常见的迷思之一，即关于紫外灾难及其如何促使普朗克引入量子物理学的故事。经过仔细考察，结果发现这个故事的时间线完全颠倒了。紫外灾难是在普朗克发表他的辐射定律几年后才首次被讨论的，因此它在普朗克的动机中并未起作用。相反，普朗克关注的是为黑体辐射定律找到理论推导。该定律最初被认为是维恩辐射定律，但当新数据与之不符时，普朗克提出了自己的符合数据的定律。普朗克的辐射定律最初是对数据的精细拟合，为了推导它，他发现除了使用统计力学并将要分配给原子振子的能量分成$hf$的包之外别无他法，以便他能计算分配这些能量的方式数。普朗克并不认为这是量子化，而仅仅是一种数学技巧，以便能够计算振子的熵。
英文摘要：
It is very common to introduce quantum physics in an historical context. Though there are advantages to this, it is a problem that many of the stories that have become central to the physics lore are mere pseudo-histories far detached from the real events. It is about time that we stop uncritically copying these stories and instead make an effort to present the development of quantum physics as it actually was. This paper deals with one of the most common myths in quantum history, the one about the ultraviolet catastrophe and how it motivated Planck's introduction of quantum physics. On closer inspection it turns out this story has the time-line completely turned on its head. The ultraviolet catastrophe was first discussed several years after Planck published his radiation law so it played no role in his motivation. Instead Planck was concerned with finding a theoretical derivation of the law for blackbody radiation. This law was first thought to be Wien's radiation law, but when new data disagreed, Planck came up with his own law that fitted the data. Planck's radiation law first came about as an elaborate fit to data and to derive it he found no other way than to use statistical mechanics and divide the energy that was to be distributed on the atomic oscillators into packages $hf$ so that he could count the number of ways to distribute this energy. Planck did not consider this a quantization, but merely a mathematical trick to be able to calculate the entropy of the oscillators.
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