pop-cosmos：基于COSMOS数据的星系群综合图景
pop-cosmos: A comprehensive picture of the galaxy population from COSMOS data
AI总结：
pop-cosmos利用COSMOS巡天26波段测光数据，通过基于分数的扩散模型、恒星族群合成模型和数据模型的前向建模及最优传输距离拟合，构建了一个能稳健校准并全面刻画星系演化、预测星系颜色及多种标度关系的综合模型。
摘要：
我们提出了pop-cosmos：一个刻画星系群特征的综合模型，该模型利用来自宇宙演化巡天（COSMOS）的140,938个（r<25选取）星系进行校准，这些星系具有从紫外到红外的26个波段测光数据。我们为COSMOS数据构建了一个详细的前向模型，包括：一个描述星系特征联合分布及其演化的星系群模型（由一个灵活的基于分数的扩散模型参数化）；一个最先进的恒星族群合成（SPS）模型，将星系的内禀性质与其测光数据联系起来；以及一个针对观测、校准和选择过程的数据模型。通过最小化合成数据与真实数据之间的最优传输距离，我们能够联合拟合星系群模型和数据模型，从而得到稳健校准的星系群层级推断，该推断考虑了参数简并、测光噪声与校准以及选择效应。我们展示了模型中若干对宇宙学和星系演化具有重要意义的关键预测，包括质量函数和红移分布；质量-金属丰度-红移关系及基本金属丰度关系；恒星形成主序；尘埃衰减与恒星质量、恒星形成率及衰减律指数之间的关系；以及气体电离与恒星形成之间的关系。我们的模型编码了一幅星系演化的综合图景，能够在较宽的红移（z<4）和波长范围内忠实预测星系颜色。
英文摘要：
We present pop-cosmos: a comprehensive model characterizing the galaxy population, calibrated to $140,938$ ($r<25$ selected) galaxies from the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) with photometry in $26$ bands from the ultra-violet to the infra-red. We construct a detailed forward model for the COSMOS data, comprising: a population model describing the joint distribution of galaxy characteristics and its evolution (parameterized by a flexible score-based diffusion model); a state-of-the-art stellar population synthesis (SPS) model connecting galaxies' instrinsic properties to their photometry; and a data-model for the observation, calibration and selection processes. By minimizing the optimal transport distance between synthetic and real data we are able to jointly fit the population- and data-models, leading to robustly calibrated population-level inferences that account for parameter degeneracies, photometric noise and calibration, and selection. We present a number of key predictions from our model of interest for cosmology and galaxy evolution, including the mass function and redshift distribution; the mass-metallicity-redshift and fundamental metallicity relations; the star-forming sequence; the relation between dust attenuation and stellar mass, star formation rate and attenuation-law index; and the relation between gas-ionization and star formation. Our model encodes a comprehensive picture of galaxy evolution that faithfully predicts galaxy colors across a broad redshift ($z<4$) and wavelength range.
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