神经调控中的准静态近似
Quasistatic approximation in neuromodulation
AI总结：
本文定义并解释了神经调控中电、磁刺激场建模的准静态近似（QSA），基于四个假设简化方程，并探讨其在多种刺激应用中的有效性与嵌入复杂模型的方法。
摘要：
我们定义并解释了准静态近似（QSA）在电刺激和磁刺激场建模中的应用。神经调控分析流程包括多个离散阶段，而QSA特别适用于在给定刺激剂量下计算组织中产生的电场和磁场。QSA简化了建模方程，以支持可处理的解析、增强理解和计算效率。QSA在神经调控中的应用基于四个基本假设：（A1）组织中无波传播或自感应，（A2）组织特性为线性，（A3）组织为纯电阻性，（A4）组织为非色散性。由于这些假设，每种组织被赋予固定的电导率，并求解简化方程（如拉普拉斯方程）以获得场的空间分布，该分布与场的时间波形分离。考虑到组织电特性可能更为复杂，我们解释了如何将QSA嵌入并行或迭代流程中，以模拟电导率的频率依赖性或非线性。我们调查了QSA在特定应用中的历史和有效性，如微刺激、深部脑刺激、脊髓刺激、经颅电刺激和经颅磁刺激。在神经调控中精确定义和解释QSA，对于使用QSA模型或测试其极限时的严谨性至关重要。
英文摘要：
We define and explain the quasistatic approximation (QSA) as applied to field modeling for electrical and magnetic stimulation. Neuromodulation analysis pipelines include discrete stages, and QSA is applied specifically when calculating the electric and magnetic fields generated in tissues by a given stimulation dose. QSA simplifies the modeling equations to support tractable analysis, enhanced understanding, and computational efficiency. The application of QSA in neuro-modulation is based on four underlying assumptions: (A1) no wave propagation or self-induction in tissue, (A2) linear tissue properties, (A3) purely resistive tissue, and (A4) non-dispersive tissue. As a consequence of these assumptions, each tissue is assigned a fixed conductivity, and the simplified equations (e.g., Laplace's equation) are solved for the spatial distribution of the field, which is separated from the field's temporal waveform. Recognizing that electrical tissue properties may be more complex, we explain how QSA can be embedded in parallel or iterative pipelines to model frequency dependence or nonlinearity of conductivity. We survey the history and validity of QSA across specific applications, such as microstimulation, deep brain stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, transcranial electrical stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. The precise definition and explanation of QSA in neuromodulation are essential for rigor when using QSA models or testing their limits.
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