Stylometry Analysis of Multi-authored Documents for Authorship and Author Style Change Detection
Abasyn University Islamabad Campus（阿巴辛大学伊斯兰堡校区）；University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar（白沙瓦工程技术大学）；National University of Science and Technology（国立科技大学）；University of Western Australia（西澳大学）；Munster Technological University（芒斯特理工大学）
Muhammad Tayyab Zamir, Muhammad Asif Ayub, Asma Gul, Nasir Ahmad, Kashif Ahmad
In recent years, the increasing use of Artificial Intelligence based text generation tools has posed new challenges in document provenance, authentication, and authorship detection. However, advancements in stylometry have provided opportunities for automatic authorship and author change detection in multi-authored documents using style analysis techniques. Style analysis can serve as a primary step toward document provenance and authentication through authorship detection. This paper investigates three key tasks of style analysis: (i) classification of single and multi-authored documents, (ii) single change detection, which involves identifying the point where the author switches, and (iii) multiple author-switching detection in multi-authored documents. We formulate all three tasks as classification problems and propose a merit-based fusion framework that integrates several state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) algorithms and weight optimization techniques. We also explore the potential of special characters, which are typically removed during pre-processing in NLP applications, on the performance of the proposed methods for these tasks by conducting extensive experiments on both cleaned and raw datasets. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements over existing solutions for all three tasks on a benchmark dataset.
Cross-language authorship attribution problems rely on either translation to enable the use of single-language features, or language-independent feature extraction methods. Until recently, the lack of datasets for this problem hindered the development of the latter, and single-language solutions were performed on machine-translated corpora. In this paper, we present a novel language-independent feature for authorship analysis based on dependency graphs and universal part of speech tags, called DT-grams (dependency tree grams), which are constructed by selecting specific sub-parts of the depend…
Despite the success of style transfer in image processing, it has seen limited progress in natural language generation. Part of the problem is that content is not as easily decoupled from style in the text domain. Curiously, in the field of stylometry, content does not figure prominently in practical methods of discriminating stylistic elements, such as authorship and genre. Rather, syntax and function words are the most salient features. Drawing on this work, we model style as a suite of low-level linguistic controls, such as frequency of pronouns, prepositions, and subordinate clause constru…
Stylometry, the science of inferring characteristics of the author from the characteristics of documents written by that author, is a problem with a long history and belongs to the core task of Text categorization that involves authorship identification, plagiarism detection, forensic investigation, computer security, copyright and estate disputes etc. In this work, we present a strategy for stylometry detection of documents written in Bengali. We adopt a set of fine-grained attribute features with a set of lexical markers for the analysis of the text and use three semi-supervised measures for…
Stylometry Analysis of Human and Machine Text for Academic Integrity
University of Jeddah（约旦大学）；University of Engineering and Technology（工程大学）；Munster Technological University（穆斯廷技术大学）；King Abdulaziz University（阿卜杜勒阿齐兹大学）
Microsoft Corporation（微软公司）；Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University（古鲁·戈宾德·辛格因德拉普拉斯塔大学）
The writing style of a person can be affirmed as a unique identity indicator; the words used, and the structuring of the sentences are clear measures which can identify the author of a specific work. Stylometry and its subset - Authorship Attribution, have a long history beginning from the 19th century, and we can still find their use in modern times. The emergence of the Internet has shifted the application of attribution studies towards non-standard texts that are comparatively shorter to and different from the long texts on which most research has been done. The aim of this paper focuses on…
Cochin University（科钦大学）；Adi Shankara Institute of Engineering and Technology（阿迪·商羯罗工程技术学院）
Authorship attribution mainly deals with undecided authorship of literary texts. Authorship attribution is useful in resolving issues like uncertain authorship, recognize authorship of unknown texts, spot plagiarism so on. Statistical methods can be used to set apart the approach of an author numerically. The basic methodologies that are made use in computational stylometry are word length, sentence length, vocabulary affluence, frequencies etc. Each author has an inborn style of writing, which is particular to himself. Statistical quantitative techniques can be used to differentiate the appro…
ChatGPT-generated texts show authorship traits that identify them as non-human
Università degli Studi di Pavia（帕维亚大学）；University of Birmingham（伯明翰大学）；Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona（巴塞罗那自治大学）；Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)（加泰罗尼亚高等研究院）
Inspired by the authorship controversy of Dream of the Red Chamber and the application of machine learning in the study of literary stylometry, we develop a rigorous new method for the mathematical analysis of authorship by testing for a so-called chrono-divide in writing styles. Our method incorporates some of the latest advances in the study of authorship attribution, particularly techniques from support vector machines. By introducing the notion of relative frequency as a feature ranking metric our method proves to be highly effective and robust. Applying our method to the Cheng-Gao version…
SMS messaging is a popular media of communication. Because of its popularity and privacy, it could be used for many illegal purposes. Additionally, since they are part of the day to day life, SMSes can be used as evidence for many legal disputes. Since a cellular phone might be accessible to people close to the owner, it is important to establish the fact that the sender of the message is indeed the owner of the phone. For this purpose, the straight forward solutions seem to be the use of popular stylometric methods. However, in comparison with the data used for stylometry in the literature, S…
Is AI Catching Up to Human Expression? Exploring Emotion, Personality, Authorship, and Linguistic Style in English and Arabic with Six Large Language Models
College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University（计算机与信息科学学院，沙特阿拉伯国王沙德大学）
Overview of PAN 2026: Voight-Kampff Generative AI Detection, Text Watermarking, Multi-Author Writing Style Analysis, Generative Plagiarism Detection, and Reasoning Trajectory Detection
Friedrich Schiller University Jena（耶纳弗里德里希·施勒格尔大学）；University of Applied Sciences BFI（应用科学大学BFI）；Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence（马尔代夫 bin Zayed 人工智能大学）；University of Kassel（卡塞尔大学）；INSAIT, Sofia University ``St. Kliment Ohridski''（INSAIT，索菲亚大学『圣克莱门特·奥赫里迪斯』）；University of Innsbruck（因斯布鲁克大学）
PAN 2026旨在通过客观评估推进计算风格学和文本取证，涵盖生成式AI检测、文本水印、多作者写作分析、抄袭检测及推理轨迹检测等五个新旧任务。
King Saud University（沙特国王大学）；University of California, Irvine（加州大学欧文分校）
Massive amounts of contributed content -- including traditional literature, blogs, music, videos, reviews and tweets -- are available on the Internet today, with authors numbering in many millions. Textual information, such as product or service reviews, is an important and increasingly popular type of content that is being used as a foundation of many trendy community-based reviewing sites, such as TripAdvisor and Yelp. Some recent results have shown that, due partly to their specialized/topical nature, sets of reviews authored by the same person are readily linkable based on simple stylometr…
Abasyn University Islamabad Campus（阿巴辛大学伊斯兰堡校区）；Jeddah International College（吉达国际学院）；AJOU University（亚洲大学）；Munster Technological University（芒斯特理工大学）
Style analysis, which is relatively a less explored topic, enables several interesting applications. For instance, it allows authors to adjust their writing style to produce a more coherent document in collaboration. Similarly, style analysis can also be used for document provenance and authentication as a primary step. In this paper, we propose an ensemble-based text-processing framework for the classification of single and multi-authored documents, which is one of the key tasks in style analysis. The proposed framework incorporates several state-of-the-art text classification algorithms incl…
Tohoku University of Community Service and Science（东北公益文科大学）；Kitami Institute of Technology（北见工业大学）
This paper is our attempt at answering a twofold question covering the areas of ethics and authorship analysis. Firstly, since the methods used for performing authorship analysis imply that an author can be recognized by the content he or she creates, we were interested in finding out whether it would be possible for an author identification system to correctly attribute works to authors if in the course of years they have undergone a major psychological transition. Secondly, and from the point of view of the evolution of an author's ethical values, we checked what it would mean if the authors…
Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”（索非亚大学“圣克莱门特·奥赫里德斯基”）；Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU（卡塔尔计算研究所，哈马德·本·哈利法大学）
Users posting online expect to remain anonymous unless they have logged in, which is often needed for them to be able to discuss freely on various topics. Preserving the anonymity of a text's writer can be also important in some other contexts, e.g., in the case of witness protection or anonymity programs. However, each person has his/her own style of writing, which can be analyzed using stylometry, and as a result, the true identity of the author of a piece of text can be revealed even if s/he has tried to hide it. Thus, it could be helpful to design automatic tools that can help a person obf…
Department of Jewish Literature, Bar-Ilan University（巴伊兰大学犹太文学系）；Department of Communication, Reichman University（雷赫曼大学传播系）；Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University（巴伊兰大学工程学院）
