用于低品位热收集的离子热电材料热力学
Thermodynamics of Ionic Thermoelectrics for Low-Grade Heat Harvesting
AI总结：
本综述阐明了离子热电器件（i-TE）的电化学与热力学基础，详细探讨了热离子电容器和热伽伐尼电池，推导出纳入离子传输与电化学反应动力学的改进热电因子Z，并总结了提升热电势的方法及混合器件进展。
摘要：
排放到环境中的废热有超过一半温度低于100 $^\circ C$，这在全球范围内约占每年85 PWh。高效收集低品位热可能是迈向碳中和的有前景的一步。近期具有巨大热电势的离子热电器件（i-TE）的发展，引发了人们对将离子作为能量和电荷载流子以高效收集热能的浓厚兴趣。然而，当前文献主要仅关注提高热电势，而很大程度上忽略了影响效率的离子传输和热力学。本综述文章阐明了开发高效i-TE器件的电化学和热力学基础。详细讨论了两大类i-TE器件：热离子电容器（TIC）和热伽伐尼电池（TGC）。本文从熵的角度分析了文献中增强离子热电势的方法。我们还为TICs和TGCs推导了改进的热电因子Z，该因子完全纳入了离子传输和电化学反应的动力学。综述了近期展示出更高效率、功率密度和多功能性的混合器件的发展。最后，我们评论了剩余的挑战，并对未来方向进行了展望。
英文摘要：
More than half of the waste heat rejected into the environment has temperatures lower than 100 $^\circ C$, which accounts for nearly 85 PWh/year worldwide. Efficiently harvesting low-grade heat could be a promising step toward carbon neutrality. Recent developments of ionic thermoelectrics (i-TE) with giant thermopower have provoked intensive interest in using ions as energy and charge carriers for efficient thermal energy harvesting. However, current literature primarily focuses on improving thermopower only, while the ion transport and thermodynamics affecting the efficiencies have been largely neglected. This review article clarifies the fundamentals of electrochemistry and thermodynamics for developing highly efficient i-TE devices. Two major types of i-TE devices, thermo-ionic capacitors (TIC) and thermogalvanic cells (TGC), are discussed in detail. The article analyzes the methods of enhancing ionic thermopower in the literature by taking an entropic point of view. We also derived modified thermoelectric factor Z for both TICs and TGCs that fully incorporate the dynamics of ion transport and electrochemical reactions. Recent developments of hybrid devices showing improved efficiencies, power density, and multifunctionality are reviewed. Finally, we comment on the remaining challenges and provide an outlook on future directions.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
