盐依赖性反向相变行为的静电学凸显ATP在生物分子凝聚体中的多面作用
Electrostatics of Salt-Dependent Reentrant Phase Behaviors Highlights Diverse Roles of ATP in Biomolecular Condensates
AI总结：
研究揭示了盐依赖性反向相变行为中ATP在生物分子凝聚体中的多重作用，通过实验和理论分析展示了ATP与离子浓度调控的关联。
摘要：
液-液相分离（LLPS）涉及内源性无序蛋白区域（IDRs）是生物膜less分隔的主要物理机制。本文通过实验和理论研究，展示了Caprin1的IDR及其磷酸化变体pY-Caprin1在不同盐和ATP依赖下的LLPS行为，例如在某些情况下表现出反向相变行为，而在其他情况下则不表现。实验数据通过分析理论、分子动力学和聚合场论模拟进行物理建模，表明链间离子桥增强了如Caprin1这样的多电荷聚合物的LLPS，而ATP-镁的高电荷是其与凝聚相共定位的重要因素，其他IDR也显示出相似趋势。这些特征的静电性质补充了ATP在π相关相互作用和作为两亲性水合物中的作用，突显了生物分子凝聚体在调节离子浓度及其功能影响中的普遍作用。
英文摘要：
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) involving intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) is a major physical mechanism for biological membraneless compartmentalization. The multifaceted electrostatic effects in these biomolecular condensates are exemplified here by experimental and theoretical investigations of the different salt- and ATP-dependent LLPSs of an IDR of messenger RNA-regulating protein Caprin1 and its phosphorylated variant pY-Caprin1, exhibiting, e.g., reentrant behaviors in some instances but not others. Experimental data are rationalized by physical modeling using analytical theory, molecular dynamics, and polymer field-theoretic simulations, indicating that interchain ion bridges enhance LLPS of polyelectrolytes such as Caprin1 and the high valency of ATP-magnesium is a significant factor for its colocalization with the condensed phases, as similar trends are observed for other IDRs. The electrostatic nature of these features complements ATP's involvement in $π$-related interactions and as an amphiphilic hydrotrope, underscoring a general role of biomolecular condensates in modulating ion concentrations and its functional ramifications.
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