Detecting behind-the-meter (BTM) equipment and major appliances at the residential level and tracking their changes in real time is important for aggregators and traditional electricity utilities. In our previous work, we developed a systematic solution called IRMAC to identify residential users' BTM equipment and applications from their imported energy data. As a part of IRMAC, a Similarity Profile (SP) was proposed for dimensionality reduction and extracting self-join similarity from the end users' daily electricity usage data. The proposed SP calculation, however, was computationally expensive and required a significant amount of memory at the user's end. To realise the benefits of edge computing, in this paper, we propose and assess three computationally-efficient updating solutions, namely additive, fixed memory, and codebook-based updating methods. Extensive simulation studies are carried out using real PV users' data to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods in identifying PV users, tracking changes in real time, and examining memory usage. We found that the Codebook-based solution reduces more than 30\% of the required memory without compromising the performance of extracting users' features. When the end users' data storage and computation speed are concerned, the fixed-memory method outperforms the others. In terms of tracking the changes, different variations of the fixed-memory method show various inertia levels, making them suitable for different applications.
Smart Grid Information Security (IS) Functional Requirement
Department of Mathematical Modeling Analysis, and Simulation, Graduate School of Advanced Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University（明治大学高级数学科学学院数学建模分析与模拟系）；Computer Science Department, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University（明治大学理工学部计算机科学系）
Smart grid technology has been recognized as a promising solution for the next-generation energy efficient electric power systems to mitigate energy crisis. Smart grid provides highly consistent and reliable services, efficient energy management practices, smart metering integration, automation and precision decision support systems and self-healing facilities. The smart power grid introduces a sensing, monitoring, and control system that provides end users with the cost of energy at any moment through real-time pricing. The classical power system operation has no control over the loads except…
Smart grid plays a crucial role for the smart society and the upcoming carbon neutral society. Achieving autonomous smart grid fault detection is critical for smart grid system state awareness, maintenance and operation. This paper focuses on fault monitoring in smart grid and discusses the inherent technical challenges and solutions. In particular, we first present the basic principles of smart grid fault detection. Then, we explain the new requirements for autonomous smart grid fault detection, the technical challenges and their possible solutions. A case study is introduced, as a preliminar…
In order to protect smart distribution grids from intrusions, it is important to understand possible risks and impacts of attacks. We study the worst-case attack strategy of a power injection attack against the physical layer of a smart distribution grid with a high penetration of photovoltaic resources. We derive both the worst attack signal and worst attack location: The worst attack signal is a step function which switches its sign at the final stage, and the worst attack location is the node with the largest impedance to the grid substation. Numerical examples on a European benchmark model…
Smart grids are critical cyber-physical systems that are vital to our energy future. Smart grids' fault resilience is dependent on the use of advanced protection systems that can reliably adapt to changing conditions within the grid. The vast amount of operational data generated and collected in smart grids can be used to develop these protection systems. However, given the safety-criticality of protection, the algorithms used to analyze this data must be stable, transparent, and easily interpretable to ensure the reliability of the protection decisions. Additionally, the protection decisions …
The Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration was an electricity grid modernization project conducted in the Northwest U.S. This paper presents the analysis of renewable generation at the Renewable Energy Park located in the City of Ellensburg, WA. The community energy park concept is an intriguing model for community investment in renewable resources,but the lessons in this paper should be considered.
Smart grids integrate communication systems with power networks to enable power grids operation and command through real-time data collection and control signals. Designing, analyzing, and simulating smart grid infrastructures as well as predicting the impact of power network failures strongly depend on the topologies of the underlying power network and communication system. Despite the substantial impact that the communication systems bring to smart grid operation, the topology of communication systems employed in smart grids was less studied. The power community lacks realistic generative co…
Reliability Assessment is an indispensable technology for identifying, interpreting, and lessening the potential failures in safety-critical systems like smart grids. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is one of the well documented techniques for risk analysis to study the impact of failure modes on safety critical systems like smart grid. In traditional FMEA failure modes are prioritized based on a numeric assessment known as risk priority number. Risk priority number (RPN) is defined as the product of three risk factors namely severity (S), occurrence (O), and detection (D). These ris…
Installing smart meters to publish real-time electricity rates has been controversial while it might lead to privacy concerns. Dispatched rates include fine-grained data on aggregate electricity consumption in a zone and could potentially be used to infer a household's pattern of energy use or its occupancy. In this paper, we propose Blowfish privacy to protect the occupancy state of the houses connected to a smart grid. First, we introduce a Markov model of the relationship between electricity rate and electricity consumption. Next, we develop an algorithm that perturbs electricity rates befo…
DC power generation is an emerging trend and has been preferred due to its low cost and low in system power losses within local distribution grid. The theme of this paper is the indigenous design of a DC standalone micro grid which will stabilize the fluctuating power generated from hybrid energy resources and manage its power distribution. The power is distributed through a DC distribution line and converted to the required AC or DC form by converters placed near loads. This project includes power generation, distribution and management strategies for a sustainable micro grid primarily powere…
Under a smart grid paradigm, there has been an increase in sensor installations to enhance situational awareness. The measurements from these sensors can be leveraged for real-time monitoring, control, and protection. However, these measurements are typically irregularly sampled. These measurements may also be intermittent due to communication bandwidth limitations. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes a novel latent neural ordinary differential equations (LODE) approach to aggregate the unevenly sampled multivariate time-series measurements. The proposed approach is flexible in perform…
Social Networks (SNs) have been gradually applied by utility companies as an addition to smart grid and are proved to be helpful in smoothing load curves and reducing energy usage. However, SNs also bring in new threats to smart grid: misinformation in SNs may cause smart grid users to alter their demand, resulting in transmission line overloading and in turn leading to catastrophic impact to the grid. In this paper, we discuss the interdependency in the social network coupled smart grid and focus on its vulnerability. That is, how much can the smart grid be damaged when misinformation related…
Frequency fluctuations in power grids, caused by unpredictable renewable energy sources, consumer behavior and trading, need to be balanced to ensure stable grid operation. Standard smart grid solutions to mitigate large frequency excursions are based on centrally collecting data and give rise to security and privacy concerns. Furthermore, control of fluctuations is often tested by employing Gaussian perturbations. Here, we demonstrate that power grid frequency fluctuations are in general non-Gaussian, implying that large excursions are more likely than expected based on Gaussian modeling. We …
As systems like smart grid continue to become complex on a daily basis, emerging issues demand complex solutions that can deal with parameters in multiple domains of engineering. The complex solutions further demand a friendly interface for the users to express their requirements. Cyber-Physical systems deals with the study of techniques that are committed to modeling, simulating and solving the problems that emerge from a multi-disciplinary outlook towards futuristic systems. This thesis is mainly concerned with the development of user-friendly cyber-physical frameworks that can tackle variou…
Vellore Institute of Technology（韦洛尔理工学院）；Pusan National University（釜山国立大学）；University of Oulu（奥卢大学）；Indian Institute of Technology Madras（印度理工学院马德拉斯分校）
Electricity is one of the mandatory commodities for mankind today. To address challenges and issues in the transmission of electricity through the traditional grid, the concepts of smart grids and demand response have been developed. In such systems, a large amount of data is generated daily from various sources such as power generation (e.g., wind turbines), transmission and distribution (microgrids and fault detectors), load management (smart meters and smart electric appliances). Thanks to recent advancements in big data and computing technologies, Deep Learning (DL) can be leveraged to lea…
Smart grid is an energy network that integrates advanced power equipment, communication technology and control technology. It can transmit two-way power and data among all components of the grid at the same time. The existing smart grid communication technologies include power line carrier (PLC) com-munication, industrial Ethernet, passive optical networks and wireless communi-cation, each of which have different advantages. Due to the complex application scenarios, massive sampling points and high transmission reliability require-ments, a single communication method cannot fully meet the comm…
With the development of smart grid, the operation and control of power system is realized through power communication network, especially the power production and enterprise management business involve a large amount of sensitive information, and the requirements for data security and real-time transmission are gradually improved. In this paper, a new 9D complex chaotic system with quaternion is proposed for the encryption of smart grid data. Firstly, a new 9D complex chaotic system with quaternion is proposed, and its attractors, bifurcation diagram, complexity, and 0-1 test are analyzed. Sec…
The concept of smart cities is driven by the need to enhance citizens' quality of life. It is estimated that 70% of the world population will live in urban areas by 2050. The electric grid is the energy backbone of smart city deployments. An electric energy system immune to adverse events, both cyber and physical risks, and able to support the integration of renewable sources will drive a transformational development approach for future smart cities. This article describes how the future electric energy system with 100% electricity supply from renewable energy sources requires the "birth of se…
Fine-grained energy usage data collected by Smart Meters (SM) is one of the key components of the smart grid (SG). While collection of this data enhances efficiency and flexibility of SG, it also poses a serious threat to the privacy of consumers. Through techniques such as nonintrusive appliance load monitoring (NALM), this data can be used to identify the appliances being used, and hence disclose the private life of the consumer. Various methods have been proposed in the literature to preserve the consumer privacy. This paper focuses on load shaping (LS) methods, which alters the consumption…
City electric power consumption forecasting based on big data & neural network under smart grid background
School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学计算机科学与技术学院）；University of Nottingham（诺丁汉大学）；School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Tsinghua University（清华大学航空航天学院）
Smart Grid has rapidly transformed the centrally controlled power system into a massively interconnected cyber-physical system that benefits from the revolutions happening in the communications (e.g. 5G) and the growing proliferation of the Internet of Things devices (such as smart metres and intelligent electronic devices). While the convergence of a significant number of cyber-physical elements has enabled the Smart Grid to be far more efficient and competitive in addressing the growing global energy challenges, it has also introduced a large number of vulnerabilities culminating in violatio…
Modern smart grids offer several types of digital control and monitoring of electric power transmission and distribution that enable greater efficiency and integrative functionality than traditional power grids. These benefits, however, introduce greater complexity and greatly disrupt and expand the threat landscape. The number of vulnerabilities is increasing as grid-connected devices proliferate. The potential costs to society of these vulnerabilities are difficult to determine, as are their likelihoods of successful exploitation. In this article, we present a method for comparing the net ec…
The Digital Twins offer promising solutions for smart grid challenges related to the optimal operation, management, and control of energy assets, for safe and reliable distribution of energy. These challenges are more pressing nowadays than ever due to the large-scale adoption of distributed renewable resources at the edge of the grid. The digital twins are leveraging technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data analytics, machine learning, and cloud computing, to analyze data from different energy sensors, view and verify the status of physical energy assets and extract useful inform…
Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University（西交利物浦大学）；University of Strathclyde（思克莱德大学）；University of New South Wales（新南威尔士大学）
The cybersecurity of smart grids has become one of key problems in developing reliable modern power and energy systems. This paper introduces a non-stationary adversarial cost with a variation constraint for smart grids and enables us to investigate the problem of optimal smart grid protection against cyber attacks in a relatively practical scenario. In particular, a Bayesian multi-node bandit (MNB) model with adversarial costs is constructed and a new regret function is defined for this model. An algorithm called Thompson-Hedge algorithm is presented to solve the problem and the superior perf…
As large scale deployment of smart devices in the power grid continues, research efforts need to increasingly focus on efficient communication of generated information. This paper describes a strategy for static routing and scheduling of messages in a multi-hop wireless Smart Grid Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) with multiple source nodes and a common set of destinations or gateways. The problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) and solved using commercial optimization solver CPLEX. Feasibility of the scheme is demonstrated using different network models, constraints, mess…
The concept of smart grid has been introduced as a new vision of the conventional power grid to figure out an efficient way of integrating green and renewable energy technologies. In this way, Internet-connected smart grid, also called energy Internet, is also emerging as an innovative approach to ensure the energy from anywhere at any time. The ultimate goal of these developments is to build a sustainable society. However, integrating and coordinating a large number of growing connections can be a challenging issue for the traditional centralized grid system. Consequently, the smart grid is u…
For the Grid and Through the Grid: The Role of Power Line Communications in the Smart Grid
ASSIA, Inc.（ASSIA公司）；Panasonic Corporation（松下公司）；University of California at Davis（加州大学戴维斯分校）；University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）
Systemic approach for modeling a generic smart grid
Laboratory LI-PaRAD University of Versailles Versailles France；Pole Universitaire L\'eonard de Vinci De Vinci Research Center La D\'efense France；Laboratory LI-PaRAD；Pole Universitaire L\'eonard de Vinci De Vinci Research Center
The rising use of information and communication technology in smart grids likewise increases the risk of failures that endanger the security of power supply, e.g., due to errors in the communication configuration, faulty control algorithms, or cyber-attacks. Co-simulations can be used to investigate such effects, but require precise modeling of the energy, communication, and information domain within an integrated smart grid infrastructure model. Given the complexity and lack of detailed publicly available communication network models for smart grid scenarios, there is a need for an automated …
This paper presents a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based energy market for a prosumer dominated microgrid. The proposed market model facilitates a real-time and demanddependent dynamic pricing environment, which reduces grid costs and improves the economic benefits for prosumers. Furthermore, this market model enables the grid operator to leverage prosumers storage capacity as a dispatchable asset for grid support applications. Simulation results based on the Deep QNetwork (DQN) framework demonstrate significant improvements of the 24-hour accumulative profit for both prosumers and the grid ope…
Modern electric power grid, known as the Smart Grid, has fast transformed the isolated and centrally controlled power system to a fast and massively connected cyber-physical system that benefits from the revolutions happening in the communications and the fast adoption of Internet of Things devices. While the synergy of a vast number of cyber-physical entities has allowed the Smart Grid to be much more effective and sustainable in meeting the growing global energy challenges, it has also brought with it a large number of vulnerabilities resulting in breaches of data integrity, confidentiality …
Emerging smart grid applications analyze large amounts of data collected from millions of meters and systems to facilitate distributed monitoring and real-time control tasks. However, current parallel data processing systems are designed for common applications, unaware of the massive volume of the collected data, causing long data transfer delay during the computation and slow response time of smart grid systems. A promising direction to reduce delay is to jointly schedule computation tasks and data transfers. We identify that the smart grid data analytic jobs require the intermediate data am…
Texas A&M University（德克萨斯A&M大学）；Arkansas State University（阿肯色州立大学）
As a highly complex and integrated cyber-physical system, modern power grids are exposed to cyberattacks. False data injection attacks (FDIAs), specifically, represent a major class of cyber threats to smart grids by targeting the measurement data's integrity. Although various solutions have been proposed to detect those cyberattacks, the vast majority of the works have ignored the inherent graph structure of the power grid measurements and validated their detectors only for small test systems with less than a few hundred buses. To better exploit the spatial correlations of smart grid measurem…
