瞬态电磁源可探测银河系中的孤立黑洞
Transient electromagnetic sources can detect solitary black holes in Milky Way galaxy
AI总结：
本文提出通过分析瞬态电磁源与黑洞相互作用产生的准正则模式引力波来探测银河系孤立黑洞，并证明LIGO A+及下一代探测器可在50-100 pc范围内实现探测。
摘要：
银河系估计拥有多达十亿个恒星级孤立黑洞（BHs）。黑洞质量的数量和分布能够提供关于黑洞形成过程、原初黑洞存在性以及LIGO-VIRGO-KAGRA探测到的引力波（GW）信号解释的关键信息。Sahu等人最近利用天体测量微引力透镜确认了我们星系中的一个恒星级孤立黑洞。本工作提出了一种新机制，通过分析黑洞与来自瞬态电磁（TEM）源的电磁波相互作用所产生的准正则模式的频率和阻尼来识别此类黑洞。入射电磁波扭曲黑洞的曲率，在黑洞恢复稳态的过程中释放引力波。利用协变半标架形式，我们通过Regge-Wheeler张量量化了所产生的引力波，并将引力波振幅与TEM的能量联系起来。我们证明，距离地球50 pc的孤立黑洞可被LIGO A+探测到，而距离100 pc的孤立黑洞可被Cosmic Explorer/Einstein Telescope探测到。此外，我们讨论了与伽马射线暴（GRBs）相关的孤儿余辉的观测意义，强调了进一步发现的潜力。
英文摘要：
The Milky Way galaxy is estimated to host up to a billion stellar-mass solitary black holes (BHs). The number and distribution of BH masses can provide crucial information about the processes involved in BH formation, the existence of primordial BHs, and the interpretation of gravitational wave (GW) signals detected in LIGO-VIRGO-KAGRA. {Sahu et al. recently confirmed one solitary stellar-mass BH in our galaxy using astrometric microlensing}. This work proposes a novel mechanism to identify such BH by analyzing the frequency and damping of the quasi-normal modes of GW generated from the interaction of the BH and EM wave originating from a transient electromagnetic (TEM) source. The incoming EM waves distort the curvature of a BH, releasing GWs as it returns to a steady state. Using the covariant semi-tetrad formalism, we quantify the generated GWs via the \emph{Regge-Wheeler tensor} and relate the GW amplitude to the energy of the TEM. We demonstrate that isolated BHs at a distance of 50 pc from Earth can be detected by LIGO A+ and 100 pc by Cosmic Explorer/Einstein Telescope. Additionally, we discuss the observational implications for orphan afterglows associated with GRBs, highlighting the potential for further discoveries.
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