Deep learning enhances earthquake monitoring capabilities by mining seismic waveforms directly. However, current neural networks, trained within specific areas, face challenges in generalizing to diverse regions. Here, we employ a data recombination method to create generalized earthquakes occurring at any location with arbitrary station distributions for neural network training. The trained models can then be applied to various regions with different monitoring setups for earthquake detection and parameter evaluation from continuous seismic waveform streams. This allows real-time Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) to be initiated at the very early stages of an occurring earthquake. When applied to substantial earthquake sequences across Japan and California (US), our models reliably report earthquake locations and magnitudes within 4 seconds after the first triggered station, with mean errors of 2.6-6.3 km and 0.05-0.17, respectively. These generalized neural networks facilitate global applications of real-time EEW, eliminating complex empirical configurations typically required by traditional methods.
Earthquake early warning systems has been proven to save countless lives in Japan, Mexico, and Chile, where earthquake warnings are often broadcast live on TV up to a minute before residents experience shaking. Unfortunately, traditional early warning systems require extensive capital investment. The high cost of traditional earthquake early-warning systems and limited budgets prevent earthquake-prone developing countries like the Philippines, Indonesia, Afghanistan, India, Burma, Ghana, Nigeria, Columbia, Venezuela, and Bolivia from building traditional earthquake warning systems. This projec…
Earthquakes are major hazards to humans, buildings and infrastructure. Early warning methods aim to provide advance notice of incoming strong shaking to enable preventive action and mitigate seismic risk. Their usefulness depends on accuracy, the relation between true, missed and false alerts, and timeliness, the time between a warning and the arrival of strong shaking. Current approaches suffer from apparent aleatoric uncertainties due to simplified modelling or short warning times. Here we propose a novel early warning method, the deep-learning based transformer earthquake alerting model (TE…
Smartphone-based earthquake early warning systems implemented by citizen science initiatives are characterized by a significant variability in their smartphone network geometry. This has an direct impact on the earthquake detection capability and performance of the system. Here, a simulation framework based on the Monte Carlo method is implemented for making inference on relevant quantities of the earthquake detection such as the detection distance from the epicentre, the detection delay and the warning time for people exposed to high ground shaking levels. The framework is applied to Haiti, w…
Early earthquake warning is a rapidly developing capability that has significant ramifications for many fields, including astronomical observatories. In this work, we describe the susceptibility of astronomical facilities to seismic events, including large telescopes as well as second-generation ground-based gravitational-wave interferometers. We describe the potential warning times for observatories from current seismic networks and propose locations for future seismometers to maximize warning times.
East China University of Technology（东华理工大学）；Dalhousie University（达尔豪斯大学）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）
Earthquake early warning systems are required to report earthquake locations and magnitudes as quickly as possible before the damaging S wave arrival to mitigate seismic hazards. Deep learning techniques provide potential for extracting earthquake source information from full seismic waveforms instead of seismic phase picks. We developed a novel deep learning earthquake early warning system that utilizes fully convolutional networks to simultaneously detect earthquakes and estimate their source parameters from continuous seismic waveform streams. The system determines earthquake location and m…
Public earthquake early warning systems have the potential to reduce individual risk by warning people of an incoming tremor but their development has been hampered by costly infrastructure. Furthermore, users' understanding of such a service and their reactions to warnings remains poorly studied. The smartphone app of the Earthquake Network initiative turns users' smartphones into motion detectors and provides the first example of purely smartphone-based earthquake early warnings, without the need for dedicated seismic station infrastructure and operating in multiple countries. We demonstrate…
Geodetic earthquake early warning (EEW) algorithms complement point-source seismic systems by estimating fault-finiteness and unsaturated moment magnitude for the largest, most damaging earthquakes. Because such earthquakes are rare, it has been difficult to demonstrate that geodetic warnings improve ground motion estimation significantly. Here, we quantify and compare timeliness and accuracy of magnitude and ground motion estimates in simulated real time from seismic and geodetic observations for a suite of globally-distributed, large earthquakes. Magnitude solutions saturate for the seismic …
Smartphone-based earthquake early warning systems (EEWS) are emerging as a complementary solution to classic EEWS based on expensive scientific-grade instruments. Smartphone-based systems, however, are characterized by a highly dynamic network geometry and by noisy measurements. Thus the need to control the probability of false alarm and the probability of missed detection. This paper proposes a statistical approach based on the maximum likelihood method to address this challenge and to jointly estimate in near real-time earthquake parameters like epicentre and depth. The approach is tested us…
The MyShake project aims to build a global smartphone seismic network to facilitate large-scale earthquake early warning and other applications by leveraging the power of crowdsourcing. The MyShake mobile application first detects earthquake shaking on a single phone. The earthquake is then confirmed on the MyShake servers using a "network detection" algorithm that is activated by multiple single-phone detections. In this part one of the two paper series, we present a network detection algorithm and a simulation platform to test earthquake scenarios at various locations around the world. The p…
Fast and accurate magnitude prediction is the key to the success of earthquake early warning. We have proposed a new approach based on deep learning for P-wave magnitude prediction (EEWNet), which takes time series data as input instead of feature parameters. The architecture of EEWNet is adaptively adjusted according to the length of the input, thus eliminates the need of complicated tuning of hyperparameters for deep learning. Only the unfiltered accelerograms of vertical components are used. EEWNet is trained on a moderate number of data set (10,000s of records), but it achieves excellent r…
Leveraging LLMs and Social Media to Understand User Perception of Smartphone-Based Earthquake Early Warnings
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University（哈佛大学地球与行星科学系）；Google LLC（谷歌公司）；Seismological Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校地震实验室）；Google Germany GmbH（谷歌德国公司）
Survival modelling of smartphone trigger data for earthquake parameter estimation in early warning. With applications to 2023 Turkish-Syrian and 2019 Ridgecrest events
Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca（米兰比可卡大学）；Università degli Studi di Bergamo（贝加莫大学）；Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore（天主教撒克罗库雷大学）
The MyShake project aims to build a global smartphone seismic network to facilitate large-scale earthquake early warning and other applications by leveraging the power of crowdsourcing. The MyShake mobile application first detects earthquake shaking on a single phone. The earthquake is then confirmed on the MyShake servers using a "network detection" algorithm that is activated by multiple single-phone detections. In part two of this two paper series, we report the first order performance of MyShake's Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) capability in various selected locations around the world. Due…
Ruptures of the largest earthquakes can last between a few seconds and several minutes. An early assessment of the final earthquake size is essential for early warning systems. However, it is still unclear when in the rupture history this final size can be predicted. Here we introduce a probabilistic view of rupture evolution - how likely is the event to become large - allowing for a clear and well-founded answer with implications for earthquake physics and early warning. We apply our approach to real time magnitude estimation based on either moment rate functions or broadband teleseismic P ar…
A promising perspective is presented that humans can provide hourly warning for strong land earthquakes (EQs, Ms6). Two important atmospheric electrostatic signal features are described. A table that lists 9 strong land EQs with shock time, epicenter, magnitude, weather in the region near the epicenter, precursor beginning time, and precursor duration demonstrates that at approximately several hours to one day before a strong land EQ, the weather conditions are fair near the epicenter, and an abnormal negative atmospheric electrostatic signal is very obvious. Moreover, the mechanism is explain…
In this study we develop a single-station deep-learning approach for fast and reliable estimation of earthquake magnitude directly from raw waveforms. We design a regressor composed of convolutional and recurrent neural networks that is not sensitive to the data normalization, hence waveform amplitude information can be utilized during the training. Our network can predict earthquake magnitudes with an average error close to zero and standard deviation of ~0.2 based on single-station waveforms without instrument response correction. We test the network for both local and duration magnitude sca…
Performance and User Response of Android's Smartphone-Based Alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereglisi Earthquake
Google LLC（谷歌有限责任公司）；Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University（哈佛大学地球与行星科学系）；Google Germany GmbH（谷歌德国有限公司）；Seismological Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校地震实验室）
On April 15, 2016, the Kumamoto earthquake (Mw 7.3) occurred in Japan with no warning signals. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers provide useful information on disturbances in ionosphere by calculating the changes in Total Electron Content (TEC), which is the number of electrons in ionosphere. Here we show our recently proposed correlation analysis of TEC data which can detect the pre-seismic ionospheric anomalies from the public GNSS data. Our method detected the ionospheric anomaly several tens of minutes before the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake near its epicenter. Furthermore, w…
In a recent study (Jozinović et al, 2020) we showed that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) applied to network seismic traces can be used for rapid prediction of earthquake peak ground motion intensity measures (IMs) at distant stations using only recordings from stations near the epicenter. The predictions are made without any previous knowledge concerning the earthquake location and magnitude. This approach differs from the standard procedure adopted by earthquake early warning systems (EEWSs) that rely on location and magnitude information. In the previous study, we used 10 s, raw, multis…
Ground mass is redistributed during an earthquake causing the local gravitational potential to change. These gravitational fluctuations travel at the speed of light meaning they will arrive at a remote location significantly earlier than the fastest seismic waves. If these gravitational signals are measured by a gravimeter then early warning can be provided for an imminent earthquake. Earlier detection of earthquakes could be used to protect crucial infrastructure and save lives. The Torsion Pendulum Dual Oscillator (TorPeDO) is a gravity gradient sensor that has been constructed at the Austra…
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia（意大利国家地球物理与火山学研究所）
This report presents a preliminary analysis of an LSTM neural network designed to predict the accuracy of magnitude estimates computed by Early-est during the first minutes after an earthquake occurs.
We analyse the compiled set of precursory data that were reported to be available in real time before the Ms 7.5 Haicheng earthquake in Feb. 1975 and the Ms 7.6-7.8 Tangshan earthquake in July 1976. We propose a robust and simple coarse-graining method consisting in aggregating and counting how all the anomalies together (geodesy, levelling, geomagnetism, soil resistivity, Earth currents, gravity, Earth stress, well water radon, well water level) develop as a function of time. We demonstrate a strong evidence for the existence of an acceleration of the number of anomalies leading up to the maj…
This study describes a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) based technique for the prediction of intensity measurements (IMs) of ground shaking. The input data to the CNN model consists of multistation 3C broadband and accelerometric waveforms recorded during the 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence for M $\ge$ 3.0. We find that the CNN is capable of predicting accurately the IMs at stations far from the epicenter and that have not yet recorded the maximum ground shaking when using a 10 s window starting at the earthquake origin time. The CNN IM predictions do not require previous knowle…
The Mw 7.8 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake was larger and more destructive than what had been expected for the tectonic setting in Southeastern Turkey. By using near-field records we provide evidence for early supershear transition on the splay fault that hosted the nucleation and early propagation of the first rupture that eventually transitioned into the East Anatolian fault. The two stations located furthest from the epicenter show a larger fault parallel particle velocity component relative to the fault normal particle velocity component; a unique signature of supershear ruptures that has been id…
A promising method for real time early warning of gravity driven rupture that considers both the heterogeneity of natural media and characteristics of acoustic emissions attenuation is proposed. The method capitalizes on co-detection of elastic waves emanating from micro-cracks by multiple and spatially separated sensors. Event co-detection is considered as surrogate for large event size with more frequent co-detected events marking imminence of catastrophic failure. Using a spatially explicit fiber bundle numerical model with spatially correlated mechanical strength and two load redistributio…
We developed a new strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction for gravitational slope failure: We propose a simple method for real-time early warning of gravity-driven failures that considers and exploits both the heterogeneity of natural media and characteristics of acoustic emissions attenuation. This method capitalizes on co-detection of elastic waves emanating from micro-cracks by a network of multiple and spatially distributed sensors. Event co-detection is considered as surrogate for large event size with more frequent co-detected events marking imminence of catastrophic failure. In this study…
