欧盟社交媒体内容审核：来自 DSA 透明度数据库的洞见
Content Moderation on Social Media in the EU: Insights From the DSA Transparency Database
AI总结：
本文基于 DSA 透明度数据库中两个月的 1.56 亿份理由声明，实证分析欧盟社交媒体内容审核，揭示平台在频率、内容类型、理由、自动化方式和处置措施上的显著不一致。
摘要：
《数字服务法》（DSA）要求欧盟的大型社交媒体平台在删除或限制对特定内容的访问时，提供清晰、具体的信息。这些“理由声明”（Statements of Reasons，SoRs）被收集在 DSA 透明度数据库中，以确保在线平台提供者的内容审核决策具备透明度并接受审查。在本研究中，我们对两个月观察期内的 1.56 亿份 SoRs 进行实证分析，以早期视角考察欧盟社交媒体平台的内容审核决策。我们的实证分析得出以下主要发现：（i）各平台之间的内容审核频率存在巨大差异。例如，TikTok 每名用户作出的内容审核决策数量是 X/Twitter 的 350 多倍。（ii）内容审核最常应用于文本和视频，而图像和其他内容格式接受审核的频率较低。（ii）审核的主要原因包括不属于平台服务范围的内容、非法/有害言论以及色情/性化内容，而错误信息审核相对少见。（iii）大多数违规内容是通过自动化手段而非人工干预被检测并作出决策的。然而，X/Twitter 报告称其完全依赖非自动化方法。（iv）各平台采取的内容审核行动存在显著差异。总体而言，我们的研究表明，社交媒体平台在履行 DSA 义务的方式上存在不一致，导致了 DSA 旨在避免的碎片化结果。我们的发现对监管机构具有重要意义，有助于其澄清现有指南或制定更具体的规则，从而确保社交媒体提供者在平台上处理违规内容时遵循共同标准。
英文摘要：
The Digital Services Act (DSA) requires large social media platforms in the EU to provide clear and specific information whenever they remove or restrict access to certain content. These "Statements of Reasons" (SoRs) are collected in the DSA Transparency Database to ensure transparency and scrutiny of content moderation decisions of the providers of online platforms. In this work, we empirically analyze 156 million SoRs within an observation period of two months to provide an early look at content moderation decisions of social media platforms in the EU. Our empirical analysis yields the following main findings: (i) There are vast differences in the frequency of content moderation across platforms. For instance, TikTok performs more than 350 times more content moderation decisions per user than X/Twitter. (ii) Content moderation is most commonly applied for text and videos, whereas images and other content formats undergo moderation less frequently. (ii) The primary reasons for moderation include content falling outside the platform's scope of service, illegal/harmful speech, and pornography/sexualized content, with moderation of misinformation being relatively uncommon. (iii) The majority of rule-breaking content is detected and decided upon via automated means rather than manual intervention. However, X/Twitter reports that it relies solely on non-automated methods. (iv) There is significant variation in the content moderation actions taken across platforms. Altogether, our study implies inconsistencies in how social media platforms implement their obligations under the DSA -- resulting in a fragmented outcome that the DSA is meant to avoid. Our findings have important implications for regulators to clarify existing guidelines or lay out more specific rules that ensure common standards on how social media providers handle rule-breaking content on their platforms.
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