什么是虚假信息问题？回顾主导范式并提出一种替代性的社会政治观点
What is the disinformation problem? Reviewing the dominant paradigm and motivating an alternative sociopolitical view
AI总结：
本文批判了美国主导的将虚假信息归因于社交媒体、恶意行为者和非理性个人的个人主义范式，并提出一种强调制度行为者通过塑造主观世界模型来维持合法性的社会政治替代范式。
摘要：
虚假信息研究在回应被用来解释重大社会现象的广泛传播的错误、有问题的信念时迅速增长。然而，尽管虚假信息的影响已广为人知，对其成因的共识却较少；相关研究跨越多个学科，每个学科关注不同的部分。本文通过回顾美国盛行的虚假信息话语（学术写作、媒体以及企业和政府叙事），并分析关于该问题的内容、个体、群体和制度层面的跨学科话语，勾勒出对虚假信息问题的主导理解或范式，从而为这一不断发展的领域做出贡献。其结果是主要归咎于社交媒体、恶意个人或国家以及非理性人群的个人主义解释。然而，这种理解存在缺陷：值得注意的是，它对真理和理性的有限、个人主义看法掩盖了压迫性意识形态以及媒体或国内行为者在制造有缺陷的世界观和传播虚假信息方面的影响。文章最后提出了一种替代性的社会政治范式，允许主观的世界模型——主要由社会和群体身份塑造——来支配理性和信息处理，而这些模型正由制度行为者（企业、媒体、政党和政府）塑造并迎合，以维持或获得其行动的合法性。
英文摘要：
Disinformation research has proliferated in reaction to widespread false, problematic beliefs purported to explain major social phenomena. Yet while the effects of disinformation are well-known, there is less consensus about its causes; the research spans several disciplines, each focusing on different pieces. This article contributes to this growing field by reviewing prevalent U.S. disinformation discourse (academic writing, media, and corporate and government narrative) and outlining the dominant understanding, or paradigm, of the disinformation problem by analyzing cross-disciplinary discourse about the content, individual, group, and institutional layers of the problem. The result is an individualistic explanation largely blaming social media, malicious individuals or nations, and irrational people. Yet this understanding has shortcomings: notably, that its limited, individualistic views of truth and rationality obscures the influence of oppressive ideologies and media or domestic actors in creating flawed worldviews and spreading disinformation. The article then concludes by putting forth an alternative, sociopolitical paradigm that allows subjective models of the world to govern rationality and information processing -- largely informed by social and group identity -- which are being formed and catered to by institutional actors (corporations, media, political parties, and the government) to maintain or gain legitimacy for their actions.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
