翻译失灵：利用全局事实核查衡量多语言虚假信息的普遍性、传播与演变
Lost in translation: using global fact-checks to measure multilingual misinformation prevalence, spread, and evolution
AI总结：
本文通过分析多语言事实核查数据，揭示虚假信息在不同语言间的传播特性及演变过程，指出跨语言传播的挑战及本地化验证的重要性。
摘要：
在数字时代，虚假信息和谣言已成为日益严重的威胁，影响着跨越语言和国界的公众。然而，尚未有研究调查多语言虚假信息的普遍性，并量化虚假信息在不同语言间传播的程度。本文通过分析涵盖95种语言的264,487条事实核查信息，研究多语言虚假信息的普遍性和动态变化。为了研究声明随时间演变和在不同语言间的变异，我们用多语言句子嵌入表示事实核查，并构建一个图，其中语义相似的声明相互连接。我们提供了重复事实核查努力的定量证据，并证明声明在不同语言间传播。具体而言，我们发现尽管大多数虚假信息声明仅被核查一次，但10.26%（对应超过27,000条声明）被多次核查。使用事实核查作为虚假信息传播的代理，我们发现32.26%的重复声明跨越语言界限，表明某些虚假信息渗透了语言壁垒。然而，传播模式表现出强烈的 assortativity，即虚假信息更可能在相同语言或语言家族内传播。接下来我们显示，事实核查者在核查跨越语言界限的声明时需要更多时间，并建模了声明的时间和跨语言演变。我们分析了连接组件和连接不同声明版本的最短路径，发现声明随时间逐渐变化，并在跨越语言时经历更大的改变。虚假信息随时间变化，减少了静态声明匹配算法的有效性。这些发现倡导全球事实核查者之间扩大信息共享，同时强调本地化验证的重要性。
英文摘要：
Misinformation and disinformation are growing threats in the digital age, affecting people across languages and borders. However, no research has investigated the prevalence of multilingual misinformation and quantified the extent to which misinformation diffuses across languages. This paper investigates the prevalence and dynamics of multilingual misinformation through an analysis of 264,487 fact-checks spanning 95 languages. To study the evolution of claims over time and mutations across languages, we represent fact-checks with multilingual sentence embeddings and build a graph where semantically similar claims are linked. We provide quantitative evidence of repeated fact-checking efforts and establish that claims diffuse across languages. Specifically, we find that while the majority of misinformation claims are only fact-checked once, 10.26%, corresponding to more than 27,000 claims, are checked multiple times. Using fact-checks as a proxy for the spread of misinformation, we find 32.26% of repeated claims cross linguistic boundaries, suggesting that some misinformation permeates language barriers. However, spreading patterns exhibit strong assortativity, with misinformation more likely to spread within the same language or language family. Next we show that fact-checkers take more time to fact-check claims that have crossed language barriers and model the temporal and cross-lingual evolution of claims. We analyze connected components and shortest paths connecting different versions of a claim finding that claims gradually drift over time and undergo greater alteration when traversing languages. Misinformation changes over time, reducing the effectiveness of static claim matching algorithms. The findings advocate for expanded information sharing between fact-checkers globally while underscoring the importance of localized verification.
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