真核游泳细胞的形态由流体动力学约束塑造
Eukaryotic swimming cells are shaped by hydrodynamic constraints
AI总结：
本研究借助BOSO-Micro数据库，从流体动力学角度验证真核游泳细胞形态的最优性：鞭毛振幅波长比接近推进效率最优值，纤毛虫纵横比接近阻力最小化数值，证明流体约束对细胞形态的关键塑造作用。
摘要：
精子、藻类或原生动物等真核游泳细胞利用鞭毛或纤毛在粘性流体中运动。这些柔性附肢在周围流体中的运动产生推进力，与作用在细胞上的粘性阻力相平衡，从而产生定向游泳运动。本文中，我们利用近期构建的细胞运动数据库BOSO-Micro，从流体动力学角度研究真核游泳细胞的形态在多大程度上可能是最优的。我们首先分析了发生波动形变的柔性鞭毛的形态，发现其振幅与波长之比接近理论预测的活性丝推进效率最优值。随后，我们研究了纤毛虫——这类生物的运动由覆盖其表面的短纤毛集体搏动驱动。结果表明，纤毛虫的纵横比接近理论预测的可使细胞体粘性阻力最小化的数值。两项研究结果均有力表明，流体动力学约束（尤其是粘性阻力）在塑造真核游泳细胞的形态方面发挥着关键作用。
英文摘要：
Eukaryotic swimming cells such as spermatozoa, algae or protozoa use flagella or cilia to move in viscous fluids. The motion of their flexible appendages in the surrounding fluid induces propulsive forces that balance with the viscous drag on the cells and lead to a directed swimming motion. Here, we use our recently built database of cell motility (BOSO-Micro) to investigate the extent to which the shapes of eukaryotic swimming cells may be optimal from a hydrodynamic standpoint. We first examine the morphology of flexible flagella undergoing waving deformation and show that their amplitude-to-wavelength ratio is near the one predicted theoretically to optimise the propulsive efficiency of active filaments. Next, we consider ciliates, for which locomotion is induced by the collective beating of short cilia covering their surface. We show that the aspect ratio of ciliates are close to the one predicted to minimise the viscous drag of the cell body. Both results strongly suggest a key role played by hydrodynamic constraints, in particular viscous drag, in shaping eukaryotic swimming cells.
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