夹心行星形成：限制中间行星的质量
Sandwiched planet formation: restricting the mass of a middle planet
AI总结：
本研究通过原行星盘流体动力学模拟发现，外侧大质量行星会减少内侧压强峰的固体物质，使后续形成的中间行星质量偏小，形成“夹心”结构，可解释已观测到的中间小质量行星系统。
摘要：
我们对嵌入1颗和2颗行星的原行星盘开展气体与尘埃流体动力学模拟，以确定位于盘中外侧更远位置的第二颗行星，对内行星外侧邻近区域后续行星形成潜力的影响。我们展示了第二颗行星的存在如何对内行星附近的固体物质聚集产生强烈影响，尤其是当外侧行星质量足够大、能在原行星盘压强分布中产生一个压强极大值时，这种影响更为显著。该效应通常会减少能在内行星产生的压强 bump（压强峰）中聚集的物质总量。若将内侧压强峰视为第三颗行星后续潜在形成的位置，我们据此预期这类行星的质量会小于无外侧行星情形下的质量，最终形成一颗被夹在相邻行星之间的小质量行星——这与行星质量随距宿主恒星径向距离增加而增大的预期趋势相反。我们指出已观测到多个行星系统并不符合这一趋势，反而存在一颗更小的行星被夹在两颗质量更大的行星之间的情况。我们提出，这类行星系统结构可能是中间行星在其两颗相邻行星更早形成之后，后续再形成的结果。
英文摘要：
We conduct gas and dust hydrodynamical simulations of protoplanetary discs with one and two embedded planets to determine the impact that a second planet located further out in the disc has on the potential for subsequent planet formation in the region locally exterior to the inner planet. We show how the presence of a second planet has a strong influence on the collection of solid material near the inner planet, particularly when the outer planet is massive enough to generate a maximum in the disc's pressure profile. This effect in general acts to reduce the amount of material that can collect in a pressure bump generated by the inner planet. When viewing the inner pressure bump as a location for potential subsequent planet formation of a third planet, we therefore expect that the mass of such a planet will be smaller than it would be in the case without the outer planet, resulting in a small planet being sandwiched between its neighbours - this is in contrast to the expected trend of increasing planet mass with radial distance from the host star. We show that several planetary systems have been observed that do not show this trend but instead have a smaller planet sandwiched in between two more massive planets. We present the idea that such an architecture could be the result of the subsequent formation of a middle planet after its two neighbours formed at some earlier stage.
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