作为典型性（typicality）前史的道德确定性（moral certainty）的历史
The History of Moral Certainty as the Pre-History of Typicality
AI总结：
本文梳理了物理学核心概念典型性的历史脉络，指出其核心思想可追溯至玻尔兹曼的热力学平衡解释，最早由埃弗雷特1957年在量子力学研究中正式提出，其历史前身是中世纪神学家热尔松提出的道德确定性概念。
摘要：
本文探究了典型性（typicality）的历史起源与前身，该概念如今是玻尔兹曼统计力学（Boltzmannian Statistical Mechanics）和玻姆力学（Bohmian Mechanics）中的核心概念。尽管路德维希·玻尔兹曼并未使用“典型性”一词，但其核心思想——即某件事几乎总会发生，或对几乎所有情况都成立——在他解释热力学系统如何趋近平衡态的过程中发挥了关键作用。20世纪初，对“几乎总是”或“几乎处处”的关注为测度论与概率论的发展提供了丰硕助力。1957年，休·埃弗雷特三世（Hugh Everett III）在其量子力学诠释中为玻恩定则（Born rule）寻求正当性依据时，显然是首位在物理学领域提及典型性的学者。在这些发展之前，历史上最接近的概念是道德确定性（moral certainty），该概念由中世纪法国神学家让·热尔松（Jean Gerson）提出，且至少在启蒙时代之前都是标准概念，启蒙时代雅各布·伯努利（Jakob Bernoulli）证明了大数定律（Law of Large numbers）。
英文摘要：
This paper investigates the historical origin and ancestors of typicality, which is now a central concept in Boltzmannian Statistical Mechanics and Bohmian Mechanics. Although Ludwig Boltzmann did not use the word typicality, its main idea, namely, that something happens almost always or is valid for almost all cases, plays a crucial role for his explanation of how thermodynamic systems approach equilibrium. At the beginning of the 20th century, the focus on almost always or almost everywhere was fruitful for developing measure theory and probability theory. It was apparently Hugh Everett III who first mentioned typicality in physics in 1957 while searching for a justification of the Born rule in his interpretation of quantum mechanics. The historically closest concept before these developments is moral certainty, which was invented by the medieval French theologian Jean Gerson, and it became a standard concept at least until the Age of Enlightenment, when Jakob Bernoulli proved the Law of Large numbers.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
