混沌中的生态幽灵：结合非传递性与高阶效应
The ghost of ecology in chaos, combining intransitive and higher order effects
AI总结：
本文以波多黎各咖啡农场中受寄生蜂非线性影响的三种蚂蚁非传递性竞争系统为模板，用常微分方程模型揭示非传递性与高阶效应共存时会产生周期与混沌等复杂动力学。
摘要：
历史上，关于生态群落结构的思考一直围绕成对相互作用展开，如竞争、捕食、互利共生等。近年来，越来越多的文献承认，物种对并不必然是群落生态学的隐喻性“分子”这一基线假设，某些包含三个或更多物种的结构可能无法有效地分解为成对组分。两个例子是非传递性竞争（物种A支配物种B，物种B支配物种C，物种C支配物种A）和非线性高阶效应。虽然这两个过程已被广泛讨论，但对它们同时作为同一动态系统一部分时的行为进行明确分析尚未出现在文献中。在波多黎各的咖啡农场中存在一个具体情形：至少在某些农场上，三种蚂蚁物种形成一个非传递性竞争三元组，而该三元组受到一种蝇类寄生蜂的强烈非线性影响，这种寄生蜂改变了三元组中某一物种的竞争能力。以这一安排为模板，我们通过一个简单的常微分方程模型探索其动力学后果。结果十分复杂，包括交替的周期吸引子和混沌吸引子。然而，这些复杂性的定性结构可以通过对该系统基本自然史的反思而轻易获得。
英文摘要：
Historically, musings about the structure of ecological communities has revolved around the structure of pairwise interactions, competition, predation, mutualism, etc. . . Recently a growing literature acknowledges that the baseline assumption that the pair of species is not necessarily the metaphorical molecule of community ecology, and that certain structures containing three or more species may not be usefully divisible into pairwise components. Two examples are intransitive competition (species A dominates species B dominates species C dominates species A), and nonlinear higher-order effects. While these two processes have been discussed extensively, the explicit analysis of how the two of them behave when simultaneously part of the same dynamic system has not yet appeared in the literature. A concrete situation exists on coffee farms in Puerto Rico in which three ant species, at least on some farms, form an intransitive competitive triplet, and that triplet is strongly influenced, nonlinearly, by a fly parasitoid that modifies the competitive ability of one of the species in the triplet. Using this arrangement as a template we explore the dynamical consequences with a simple ODE model. Results are complicated and include include alternative periodic and chaotic attractors. The qualitative structures of those complications, however, may be retrieved easily from a reflection on the basic natural history of the system.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
