洛伦兹不变性破缺的天体物理与宇宙学搜寻
Astrophysical and Cosmological Searches for Lorentz Invariance Violation
AI总结：
本文综述利用光子、中微子、引力波及宇宙学探针检验洛伦兹不变性破缺的方法、结果与矛盾限制。
摘要：
洛伦兹不变性是狭义相对论的基本原理之一，并已通过实验室和天体物理观测得到广泛检验。然而，许多量子引力模型以及粒子物理标准模型之外的理论预言，在接近普朗克能标的能量处会出现洛伦兹不变性破缺。本文综述了利用光子、中微子和引力波对洛伦兹不变性破缺（LIV）进行的观测与实验检验。大多数使用光子的LIV天体物理检验，都基于搜寻光谱滞后数据与红移和能量之间的相关性。这些检验主要借助脉冲星、活动星系核（AGN）和伽马射线暴（GRB）等致密天体开展。也有一些基于GRB光谱滞后观测提出的LIV主张，但这些主张与其他LIV搜寻所获得的最严格限制相冲突。研究者还利用GRB和AGN的偏振测量进行了搜寻。对于中微子，检验既包括基于SN 1987A的MeV能量天体物理观测，也包括基于IceCube观测、大气中微子以及长基线中微子振荡实验的TeV–PeV能区检验。LIV的宇宙学检验既包括利用多种观测探针寻找光速作为红移函数的恒定性，也包括在宇宙微波背景观测中寻找双折射。本文将综述上述所有LIV观测检验，包括彼此相互冲突的结果。
英文摘要：
Lorentz invariance is one of the fundamental tenets of Special Relativity, and has been extensively tested with laboratory and astrophysical observations. However, many quantum gravity models and theories beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics predict a violation of Lorentz invariance at energies close to the Planck scale. This article reviews observational and experimental tests of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) with photons, neutrinos and gravitational waves. Most astrophysical tests of LIV using photons are based on searching for a correlation of the spectral lag data with redshift and energy. These have been primarily carried out using compact objects such as pulsars, Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), and Gamma-ray bursts (GRB). There have also been some claims for LIV from some of these spectral lag observations with GRBs, which however are in conflict with the most stringent limits obtained from other LIV searches. Searches have also been carried out using polarization measurements from GRBs and AGNs. For neutrinos, tests have been made using both astrophysical observations at MeV energies (from SN 1987A) as well as in the TeV-PeV energy range based on IceCube observations, atmospheric neutrinos, and long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. Cosmological tests of LIV entail looking for a constancy of the speed of light as a function of redshift using multiple observational probes, as well as looking for birefringence in Cosmic Microwave Background observations. This article will review all of these aforementioned observational tests of LIV, including results which are in conflict with each other.
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