时间的流逝与自上而下的因果作用
The passage of time and top-down causation
AI总结：
本文批判了物理学基本定律确定性且时间对称导致时间流逝为幻觉的观点，论证系统因嵌入更广泛背景而受宏观环境自上而下的因果影响，从而产生非决定论和不可逆性。
摘要：
人们常声称物理学的基本定律是确定性的且时间对称的，因此我们对时间流逝的体验是一种幻觉。本文将批判性地讨论这些主张，并表明它们基于一种误解，即认为物理学定律是对自然的精确且完备的描述。我将论证，所有被认为基本的确定性且时间对称的定律都有其局限性，并由随机性和不可逆性元素加以补充。事实上，对一个系统的确定性描述只有在与外部世界的相互作用可以被忽略时才有效。最著名的例子是量子测量过程，它发生在一个量子系统与宏观环境（如测量仪器）相互作用时。该环境以自上而下的方式决定了测量的可能结果及其概率。我将论证，更一般地说，一个系统中可能发生的事件及其概率是来自更广泛背景的自上而下影响的结果。通过这种方式，系统的微观层次在因果上对来自宏观环境的影响是开放的。总之，非决定论和不可逆性是一个系统被嵌入更广泛背景中的结果。
英文摘要：
It is often claimed that the fundamental laws of physics are deterministic and time-symmetric and that therefore our experience of the passage of time is an illusion. This paper will critically discuss these claims and show that they are based on the misconception that the laws of physics are an exact and complete description of nature. I will argue that all supposedly fundamental deterministic and time-symmetric laws have their limitations and are supplemented by stochastic and irreversible elements. In fact, a deterministic description of a system is valid only as long as interactions with the rest of the world can be ignored. The most famous example is the quantum measurement process that occurs when a quantum system interacts with a macroscopic environment such as a measurement apparatus. This environment determines in a top-down way the possible outcomes of the measurement and their probabilities. I will argue that more generally the possible events that can occur in a system and their probabilities are the result of top-down influences from the wider context. In this way the microscopic level of a system is causally open to influences from the macroscopic environment. In conclusion, indeterminism and irreversibility are the result of a system being embedded in a wider context.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
