AT 2018cow 的哈勃空间望远镜晚期观测。I. 对发现后 50–60 天衰减的瞬时辐射及热性质的进一步约束
Late-time Hubble Space Telescope Observations of AT 2018cow. I. Further Constraints on the Fading Prompt Emission and Thermal Properties 50--60 Days Post-discovery
Yuyang Chen, Maria R. Drout, Anthony L. Piro, Charles D. Kilpatrick, Ryan J. Foley, César Rojas-Bravo, Kirsty Taggart, Matthew R. Siebert, M. R. Magee
备注:
22 pages, 10 figures. This is paper I of a two-paper series. v2: updated to the accepted version
本文通过 HST 晚期 SED 与光度曲线分析,约束 AT 2018cow 发现后 50–60 天的热性质,发现第 13 天后衰减加快,并支持中心引擎吸积供能。
摘要:
明亮、快速蓝色光学暂现源 AT 2018cow 的确切性质仍存在争议。在这一两篇论文系列的第一篇中,我们结合发现后约 50–60 天内对 AT 2018cow 的三次哈勃空间望远镜(HST)观测以及前两个月的其他观测,进行了详细分析,并对晚期热性质得出了显著改进的约束。通过对光谱能量分布(SED)建模,我们确认 50–60 天期间的紫外-光学辐射仍为平滑黑体(即光学厚),具有高温($T_{\mathrm{BB}}\sim15000\\,\mathrm{K}$)和小半径($R_{\mathrm{BB}}\lesssim1000\\,R_\odot$)。此外,我们首次报告热光度曲线中存在一个拐折:热光度最初以 $L_{\mathrm{BB}}\propto t^{-2.40}$ 的速率下降,但在第 13 天后以 $t^{-3.06}$ 的速度更快衰减。重新审视可能的晚期能源后,基于所需的 $^{56}$Ni 质量以及 HST SED 中缺乏紫外谱线遮蔽,我们不支持放射性衰变的显著贡献。我们认为,通常提出的与星周物质相互作用的机制,在解释晚期热性质(尤其是光深效应)时可能面临重大挑战。相反,我们发现由中心引擎驱动的持续外流/风仍可合理解释后退光球、光学厚且快速衰减的辐射以及中等宽度谱线的组合。然而,这种快速衰减可能对系统的功率输出和结构具有进一步意义。我们的发现可能支持以下假说:AT 2018cow 及其他“类 Cow 暂现源”主要由中心引擎上的吸积供能。
英文摘要:
The exact nature of the luminous fast blue optical transient AT 2018cow is still debated. In this first of a two-paper series, we present a detailed analysis of three Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of AT 2018cow covering $\sim$50--60 days post-discovery in combination with other observations throughout the first two months, and derive significantly improved constraints of the late thermal properties. By modeling the spectral energy distributions (SEDs), we confirm that the UV-optical emission over 50--60 days was still a smooth blackbody (i.e., optically thick) with a high temperature ($T_{\mathrm{BB}}\sim15000\,\mathrm{K}$) and small radius ($R_{\mathrm{BB}}\lesssim1000\,R_\odot$). Additionally, we report for the first time a break in the bolometric light curve: the thermal luminosity initially declined at a rate of $L_{\mathrm{BB}}\propto t^{-2.40}$, but faded much faster at $t^{-3.06}$ after day 13. Reexamining possible late-time power sources, we disfavor significant contributions from radioactive decay based on the required $^{56}$Ni mass and lack of UV line blanketing in the HST SEDs. We argue that the commonly proposed interaction with circumstellar material may face significant challenges in explaining the late thermal properties, particularly the effects of the optical depth. Alternatively, we find that continuous outflow/wind driven by a central engine can still reasonably explain the combination of a receding photosphere, optically thick and rapidly fading emission, and intermediate-width lines. However, the rapid fading may have further implications on the power output and structure of the system. Our findings may support the hypothesis that AT 2018cow and other "Cow-like transients" are powered mainly by accretion onto a central engine.
Two years of non-thermal emission from the binary neutron star merger GW170817: rapid fading of the jet afterglow and first constraints on the kilonova fastest ejecta
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/VIRGO GW170817. III. Optical and UV Spectra of a Blue Kilonova From Fast Polar Ejecta
我们目前的光学和紫外光谱的第一个电磁对应的引力波(GW)源,二中子星合并GW 170817。在合并后1.5至9.5天之间,使用SOAR和麦哲伦望远镜每晚获得光谱;紫外光谱在5.5天时使用\textit{Hubble Space Telescope}获得。我们的数据揭示了一个快速褪色的蓝色成分($T\approx5500$ K在1.5天),迅速变红;光谱晚于$\gtrsim 4.5$天超出光学制度的峰值。光谱大多是无特征的,虽然我们确定了一个可能的弱发射线在$\sim 7900$在$t\lesssim 4.5$天。其颜色、快速演化和无特征的光谱与来自极地喷出物的“蓝色”千诺娃一致,主要由原子质量数为$A\lesssim 140$的轻$r$过程核组成。这表明视线在眶轴的$θ_{\rm obs}\lesssim 45^{\circ}$范围内。与模型的比较表明,蓝色喷出物的$\sim0.03$ M $_\odot$,速度为$\sim 0.3c$。所需的镧系元素部分是$\sim 10^{-4}$,但在最外面的喷出物中下降到$<10^{-5}$。大的速度指向一个动力学的起源,而不是盘风,对于这个蓝色的分量,这表明这两个双星组成是中子星(而不是由中子星和黑洞组成的双星)。对于动态喷出物,高质量有利于一个小的中子星半径$\lesssim 12$公里。这个质量也支持了中子星合并是$r$过程核合成的主…
Multi-Wavelength Identification of a Luminous Mid-Infrared Supernova Powered by Circumstellar Interaction with Binary-Driven Pre-supernova Mass Loss
Columbia University(哥伦比亚大学);Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute(西蒙斯基础研究所计算天体物理中心);California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院);The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science(卡内基科学机构天文台)
JWST Spectroscopy of Type Ia Supernova 2025rbs from Maximum Light to the Nebular Phase
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University(西北大学跨学科天体物理探索与研究中心);European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM(艾克斯-马赛大学,法国国家科学研究中心,法国国家空间研究中心,普朗克研究所);Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University(西北大学物理与天文学系);NSF–Simons AI Institute for the Sky (SkAI)(美国国家科学基金会-西蒙斯天空人工智能研究所);Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey(新泽西州立大学罗格斯分校物理与天文学系);Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa(夏威夷大学马诺阿分校天体物理学研究所);Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley(加州大学伯克利分校天文学系)
Disappearance of the Progenitor of Supernova iPTF13bvn
NGC 5806中的超新星(SN)iPTF 13 bvn是第一个在爆炸前的图像中暂时与祖先候选者联系在一起的Ib型SN。我们进行了深紫外(UV)和光学哈勃太空望远镜(HST)的观测SN网站740天后爆炸。我们在光学波段探测到一个比爆炸前的物体更暗的物体。这种变暗可能不是由喷出物中的灰尘吸收产生的;因此,我们的发现证实了祖先候选者与SN的联系。在我们的数据中的对象很可能是由衰落的SN,这意味着前SN流量主要是由于祖占主导地位。我们比较我们的修订前SN测光与以前提出的祖模型。虽然二元祖细胞是有利的,模型需要完善。特别是,为了符合我们的深紫外探测极限,任何伴星都必须比晚O型星更亮,或者被新形成的尘埃所掩盖。确定的祖先特征将需要进一步的观察,以解开一个更微弱的SN及其环境的贡献。
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/VIRGO GW170817. II. UV, Optical, and Near-IR Light Curves and Comparison to Kilonova Models