通过木星系统中的轨道X射线仪器探索太阳物理学中的基本粒子加速和损失过程
Exploring Fundamental Particle Acceleration and Loss Processes in Heliophysics through an Orbiting X-ray Instrument in the Jovian System
摘要：
木星的磁层被认为是太阳系中最强大的粒子加速器，可以将电子加速到70 MeV，将离子加速到GeV。电磁过程如何驱动能量和粒子流，产生和去除高能粒子，是太阳物理学的核心。特别是，2013年太阳和空间物理学十年战略是“发现日光层和整个宇宙中发生的基本过程并确定其特征”。木星系统提供了一个理想的自然实验室，以研究前十年中强调的所有宇宙过程。X射线波段已被广泛用于跨天体物理系统的等离子体远程研究。大多数天体物理辐射可以分为5种X射线过程：荧光、热/日冕、散射、电荷交换和粒子加速。木星系统提供了可能是唯一的系统，提出了一个丰富的目录，所有这些X射线发射过程，也可以在现场访问，提供了特殊的可能性，直接链接的基本等离子体过程与其产生的X射线签名。这为现场探测无法触及的天体物理物体（如褐矮星、磁星或绘制宇宙地图的星系团）提供了宝贵的地面实况。在这里，我们将展示如何耦合原位测量与木星的辐射带，伽利略卫星，木卫一环，大气层的在轨X射线观测，解决了基本的太阳物理学问题，广泛影响整个太阳和天体物理学。小型化X射线光学器件和耐辐射探测器等新技术的发展，提供了非常适合木星系统的紧凑、轻便、宽视场X射线仪器，使这种令人兴奋的新可能性成为可能。
英文摘要：
Jupiter's magnetosphere is considered to be the most powerful particle accelerator in the Solar System, accelerating electrons from eV to 70 MeV and ions to GeV energies. How electromagnetic processes drive energy and particle flows, producing and removing energetic particles, is at the heart of Heliophysics. Particularly, the 2013 Decadal Strategy for Solar and Space Physics was to "Discover and characterize fundamental processes that occur both within the heliosphere and throughout the universe". The Jovian system offers an ideal natural laboratory to investigate all of the universal processes highlighted in the previous Decadal. The X-ray waveband has been widely used to remotely study plasma across astrophysical systems. The majority of astrophysical emissions can be grouped into 5 X-ray processes: fluorescence, thermal/coronal, scattering, charge exchange and particle acceleration. The Jovian system offers perhaps the only system that presents a rich catalog of all of these X-ray emission processes and can also be visited in-situ, affording the special possibility to directly link fundamental plasma processes with their resulting X-ray signatures. This offers invaluable ground-truths for astrophysical objects beyond the reach of in-situ exploration (e.g. brown dwarfs, magnetars or galaxy clusters that map the cosmos). Here, we show how coupling in-situ measurements with in-orbit X-ray observations of Jupiter's radiation belts, Galilean satellites, Io Torus, and atmosphere addresses fundamental heliophysics questions with wide-reaching impact across helio- and astrophysics. New developments like miniaturized X-ray optics and radiation-tolerant detectors, provide compact, lightweight, wide-field X-ray instruments perfectly suited to the Jupiter system, enabling this exciting new possibility.
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