量子测量与平衡：通过熵最大化产生客观结果
Quantum measurements and equilibration: the emergence of objective outcomes via entropy maximisation
AI总结：
本文提出通过熵最大化解释量子测量，指出传统测量模型无法自发编码信息，但通过聚集更多系统可近似实现理想测量。
摘要：
量子理论的测量公理与热力学定律存在冲突，并引发了关于什么是真正测量的争论。借助现代量子统计力学，我们首次正式化了量子测量由封闭系统最大化熵的自然倾向的假设，这一假设我们称为测量平衡假说。在此范式下，我们研究了如何在纯粹的幺正框架内出现经典测量结果，并发现：(i) 标准测量模型中使用的相互作用无法自发地以经典方式编码信息；(ii) 虽然理想投影测量是不可能的，但可以（对于给定的哈密顿量形式）通过将更多物理系统汇集到一个“观察者”系统中来近似实现，效果呈指数级提高。因此，我们为自包含的量子测量模型奠定了基础，并提出了对我们的简单方案的改进。
英文摘要：
The measurement postulate of quantum theory stands in conflict with the laws of thermodynamics and has evoked debate regarding what actually constitutes a measurement. With the help of modern quantum statistical mechanics, we take the first step in formalising the hypothesis that quantum measurements are driven by the natural tendency of closed systems to maximize entropy, a notion that we call the Measurement-Equilibration Hypothesis. In this paradigm, we investigate how classical measurement outcomes can emerge within a purely unitary framework, and find that: (i) the interactions used in standard measurement models fail to spontaneously encode information classically and (ii) while ideal projective measurements are impossible, one can (for a given form of Hamiltonian) approximate them exponentially well as more physical systems are collected together into an ``observer'' system. We thus lay the groundwork for self-contained models of quantum measurement, proposing improvements to our simple scheme.
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