In weak-lensing cosmological studies, peak statistics is sensitive to nonlinear structures and thus complementary to cosmic shear two-point correlations. In this paper, we explore a new approach, namely, the peak steepness statistics, with the overall goal to understand the cosmological information embedded there in comparison with the commonly used peak height statistics. We perform the analyses with ray-tracing simulations considering different sets of cosmological parameters $Ω_{\rm m}$ and $σ_8$. A theoretical model to calculate the abundance of high peaks based on steepness is also presented, which can well describe the main trend of the peak distribution from simulations. We employ $Δχ^2$ and Fisher analyses to study the cosmological dependence of the two peak statistics using our limited sets of simulations as well as our theoretical model. Within our considerations without including potential systematic effects, the results show that the steepness statistics tends to have higher sensitivities to the cosmological parameters than the peak height statistics and this advantage is diluted with the increase of the shape noise. Using the theoretical model, we investigate the physical reasons accounting for the different cosmological information embedded in the two statistics. Our analyses indicate that the projection effect from large-scale structures plays an important role to enhance the gain from the steepness statistics. The redshift and cosmology dependence of dark matter halo density profiles also contributes to the differences between the two statistics.
First application of weak lensing peak steepness statistics to HSC Y1 data: effectively probing halo density profiles
South-Western Institute for Astronomy Research, Yunnan University（云南大学西南天文研究所）；Yunnan Key Laboratory of Survey Science, Yunnan University（云南大学云南省测绘科学重点实验室）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学物理与天文学院）；Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University（北京大学物理学院天文学系）；National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院国家天文台）；School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学天文学与空间科学学院）；Southwest United Graduate School（西南联合研究生院）
Weak Lensing Peak Finding: Estimators, Filters, and Biases
剪切选择峰的大型目录最近已成为现实。为了正确解释这些峰的丰度和性质，有必要考虑到源星系之间以及与透镜的聚集效应。此外，在通量和尺寸有限的样品中透镜星系的首选导致与透镜场（透镜偏置）相关的表观源密度的波动。在本文中，我们研究这些问题的两个不同的选择剪切估计，这是目前常用的：全球归一化和局部归一化估计。虽然在原则上等同，在实践中，这些估计不同的系统效应，如透镜偏差和集群成员稀释。此外，我们发现，估计是统计上优越的取决于特定形状的滤波器用于峰值查找;次优选择的估计+滤波器组合可以导致抑制数量级的高峰。透镜偏置通常用于增加剪切峰的信噪比V;对于高峰值，增强可以大到Δ V ~ 1-2。由于峰丰度函数的陡度，这些提升可导致剪切峰丰度的显著增加。一篇配套论文（Rozo et al.，2010）在叠加弱透镜质量估计的背景下研究了这些相同的问题。
Cosmological constraining power of the redshifts, heights, and angular clustering of weak gravitational lensing peaks
Lorentz Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leiden University（莱顿大学洛伦兹理论物理研究所）；Leiden Observatory, Leiden University（莱顿大学莱顿天文台）；Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University（利物浦约翰摩尔斯大学天体物理学研究所）；Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Durham（杜伦大学物理学院计算宇宙学研究所）
Dark matter cannot be observed directly, but its weak gravitational lensing slightly distorts the apparent shapes of background galaxies, making weak lensing one of the most promising probes of cosmology. Several observational studies have measured the effect, and there are currently running, and planned efforts to provide even larger, and higher resolution weak lensing maps. Due to nonlinearities on small scales, the traditional analysis with two-point statistics does not fully capture all the underlying information. Multiple inference methods were proposed to extract more details based on hi…
Massive cosmic neutrinos change the structure formation history by suppressing perturbations on small scales. Weak lensing data from galaxy surveys probe the structure evolution and thereby can be used to constrain the total mass of the three active neutrinos. However, much of the information is at small scales where the dynamics are nonlinear. Traditional approaches with second order statistics thus fail to fully extract the information in the lensing field. In this paper, we study constraints on the neutrino mass sum using lensing peak counts, a statistic which captures non-Gaussian informat…
The number density of local maxima of weak lensing field, referred to as weak-lensing peak counts, can be used as a cosmological probe. However, its relevant cosmological information is still unclear. We study the relationship between the peak counts and other statistics in weak lensing field by using 1000 ray-tracing simulations. We construct a local transformation of lensing field $\cal K$ to a new Gaussian field $y$, named local-Gaussianized transformation. We calibrate the transformation with numerical simulations so that the one-point distribution and the power spectrum of $\cal K$ can be…
We study the statistics of weak lensing convergence peaks, such as their abundance and two-point correlation function (2PCF), for a wide range of cosmological parameters $Ω_m$ and $σ_8$ within the standard $Λ$CDM paradigm, focusing on intermediate-height peaks with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of $1.5$ to $3.5$. We find that the cosmology dependence of the peak abundance can be described by a one-parameter fitting formula that is accurate to within $\sim3\%$. The peak 2PCFs are shown to feature a self-similar behaviour: if the peak separation is rescaled by the mean inter-peak distance, catalog…
Weak lensing convergence peaks are a promising tool to probe nonlinear structure evolution at late times, providing additional cosmological information beyond second-order statistics. Previous theoretical and observational studies have shown that the cosmological constraints on $Ω_m$ and $σ_8$ are improved by a factor of up to ~ 2 when peak counts and second-order statistics are combined, compared to using the latter alone. We study the origin of lensing peaks using observational data from the 154 deg$^2$ Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey. We found that while high peaks (with heigh…
Weak lensing peak counts are a powerful statistical tool for constraining cosmological parameters. So far, this method has been applied only to surveys with relatively small areas, up to several hundred square degrees. As future surveys will provide weak lensing datasets with size of thousands of square degrees, the demand on the theoretical prediction of the peak statistics will become heightened. In particular, large simulations of increased cosmological volume are required. In this work, we investigate the possibility of using simulations generated with the fast Comoving-Lagrangian accelera…
Maximising the information that can be extracted from weak lensing measurements is a key goal for upcoming surveys such as LSST and Euclid. This is typically achieved through statistics that are complementary to the cosmic shear two-point correlation function, the most well established of which is the weak lensing peak abundance. In this work, we study the clustering of weak lensing peaks, and present parameter constraint forecasts for an LSST-like survey. We use the cosmoslics $w$CDM simulations to measure the peak two-point correlation function for a range of cosmological parameters, and use…
We have investigated a recently proposed halo-based model, Camelus, for predicting weak-lensing peak counts, and compared its results over a collection of 162 cosmologies with those from N-body simulations. While counts from both models agree for peaks with $\mathcal{S/N}>1$ (where $\mathcal{S/N}$ is the ratio of the peak height to the r.m.s. shape noise), we find $\approx 50\%$ fewer counts for peaks near $\mathcal{S/N}=0$ and significantly higher counts in the negative $\mathcal{S/N}$ tail. Adding shape noise reduces the differences to within $20\%$ for all cosmologies. We also found larger …
The halo shape plays a central role in determining important observational properties of the haloes such as mass, concentration and lensing cross-sections. The triaxiality of lensing galaxy clusters has a substantial impact on the distribution of the largest Einstein radii, while weak lensing techniques are sensitive to the intrinsic halo ellipticity. In this work, we provide scaling relations for the shapes of dark matter haloes as a function of mass (peak height) and redshift over more than four orders of magnitude in halo masses, namely from $10^{11.5}$ to $10^{15.8}~h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$. We h…
We propose a deep-learning approach based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) to reduce noise in weak lensing mass maps under realistic conditions. We apply image-to-image translation using conditional GANs to the mass map obtained from the first-year data of Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey. We train the conditional GANs by using 25000 mock HSC catalogues that directly incorporate a variety of observational effects. We study the non-Gaussian information in denoised maps using one-point probability distribution functions (PDFs) and also perform matching analysis for positive peaks a…
Using cosmological N-body simulations, we study the abundance of local maxima (peaks) and minima (dips) identified in the smoothed distribution of halos and dark matter (DM) on scales of $10-100$s Mpcs. The simulations include Gaussian and local-type $f_{\rm NL}$ non-Gaussian initial conditions. The expression derived in the literature for the abundance (irrespective of height) of peaks for Gaussian fields is surprisingly accurate for the evolved halo and DM density fields for all initial conditions considered. Furthermore, the height distribution is very well fitted by a log-normal on quasi-l…
AMICO galaxy clusters in KiDS-1000: Splashback radius from weak lensing and cluster-galaxy correlation function
Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚天文与空间科学观测站）；INFN - Sezione di Bologna（意大利国家核物理研究所博洛尼亚分部）
