arXiv 2302.069622023-02cs.CR

剖析比特币与以太坊交易：论区块链中交易竞争与优先级透明度的缺失

Dissecting Bitcoin and Ethereum Transactions: On the Lack of Transaction Contention and Prioritization Transparency in Blockchains

Johnnatan Messias, Vabuk Pahari, Balakrishnan Chandrasekaran, Krishna P. Gummadi, Patrick Loiseau

备注：: This is a pre-print of our paper accepted to appear to the Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2023 (FC '23)
发表信息：: In Proceedings of the Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2023 (FC '23)

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AI总结：

本文剖析了比特币和以太坊中交易竞争与优先级透明度的缺失，揭示了私有中继网络等私下交易方式的普遍性及其对矿工串谋和超额收费的助长作用，强调了该问题对交易发起者和区块链稳定性的重大影响。

摘要：

在无许可区块链中，交易发起者会支付一笔费用以激励矿工将其交易纳入区块。为了准确估算交易的优先级费用，交易发起者（或更广泛地说，区块链参与者）依赖于两个基本的透明度概念，即竞争透明度和优先级透明度。竞争透明度意味着参与者知道每笔将与特定交易竞争纳入权的待处理交易。优先级透明度规定，参与者知道每笔此类竞争交易支付的交易费用或优先级费用。目前，这两种透明度概念均未能很好地成立。例如，私有中继网络允许用户将交易私下发送给矿工。此外，用户可以通过直接向矿工钱包转账或链下支付的方式向矿工提供费用——这两种方式均不公开。在本研究中，我们刻画了此类做法导致的比特币和以太坊中竞争与优先级透明度的缺失。我们表明，私有中继网络被广泛使用，私有交易相当普遍。我们证明，透明度的缺失促使矿工串谋并对用户超额收费，尽管这些私有中继网络几乎不提供任何交易优先级保证，用户仍可能使用它们。区块链中这些透明度的缺失对交易发起者以及区块链的稳定性具有至关重要的影响。最后，我们公开了我们的数据集和脚本。

英文摘要：

In permissionless blockchains, transaction issuers include a fee to incentivize miners to include their transactions. To accurately estimate this prioritization fee for a transaction, transaction issuers (or blockchain participants, more generally) rely on two fundamental notions of transparency, namely contention and prioritization transparency. Contention transparency implies that participants are aware of every pending transaction that will contend with a given transaction for inclusion. Prioritization transparency states that the participants are aware of the transaction or prioritization fees paid by every such contending transaction. Neither of these notions of transparency holds well today. Private relay networks, for instance, allow users to send transactions privately to miners. Besides, users can offer fees to miners via either direct transfers to miners' wallets or off-chain payments -- neither of which are public. In this work, we characterize the lack of contention and prioritization transparency in Bitcoin and Ethereum resulting from such practices. We show that private relay networks are widely used and private transactions are quite prevalent. We show that the lack of transparency facilitates miners to collude and overcharge users who may use these private relay networks despite them offering little to no guarantees on transaction prioritization. The lack of these transparencies in blockchains has crucial implications for transaction issuers as well as the stability of blockchains. Finally, we make our data sets and scripts publicly available.

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