原子的密度泛函计算通常用于确定精确的初始猜测,以及为多原子计算生成各类赝势近似和高效的原子轨道基组。为了在这些用途上达到最佳精度,原子计算应采用与多原子计算相同的密度泛函。原子密度泛函计算通常采用球对称密度进行,这对应于使用分数轨道占据。我们此前已描述了其在局域密度近似(LDA)和广义梯度近似(GGA)理论级别以及Hartree-Fock(HF)和范围分离精确交换下的实现 [S. Lehtola, Phys. Rev. A 2020, 101, 012516]。在本工作中,我们描述了使用广义Kohn-Sham方案将其扩展到meta-GGA泛函,其中能量相对于轨道进行最小化,而轨道又在有限元形式中以高阶数值基函数展开。借助这一新实现,我们继续了我们最近关于近期meta-GGA泛函数值良态性的工作 [S. Lehtola and M. A. L. Marques, J. Chem. Phys. 2022, 157, 174114]。我们追求近期密度泛函的完备基组(CBS)极限能量,并发现许多泛函对Li和Na原子表现不佳。我们报告了这些密度泛函下一些常用Gaussian基组的基组截断误差(BSTEs),并发现BSTEs强烈依赖于具体泛函。我们还讨论了密度泛函近似中密度阈值处理的重要性,并发现当密度小于 $10^{-11}a_{0}^{-3}$ 的部分被筛选掉时,本工作中研究的所有泛函给出的总能量均收敛到 $0.1\ μE_{h}$。
英文摘要:
Density functional calculations on atoms are often used for determining accurate initial guesses as well as generating various types of pseudopotential approximations and efficient atomic-orbital basis sets for polyatomic calculations. To reach the best accuracy for these purposes, the atomic calculations should employ the same density functional as the polyatomic calculation. Atomic density functional calculations are typically carried out employing spherically symmetric densities, corresponding to the use of fractional orbital occupations. We have described their implementation for density functional approximations (DFAs) belonging to the local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) levels of theory as well as Hartree-Fock (HF) and range-separated exact exchange [S. Lehtola, Phys. Rev. A 2020, 101, 012516]. In this work, we describe the extension to meta-GGA functionals using the generalized Kohn-Sham scheme, in which the energy is minimized with respect to the orbitals, which in turn are expanded in the finite element formalism with high-order numerical basis functions. Furnished with the new implementation, we continue our recent work on the numerical well-behavedness of recent meta-GGA functionals [S. Lehtola and M. A. L. Marques, J. Chem. Phys. 2022, 157, 174114]. We pursue complete basis set (CBS) limit energies for recent density functionals, and find many to be ill-behaved for the Li and Na atoms. We report basis set truncation errors (BSTEs) of some commonly used Gaussian basis sets for these density functionals and find the BSTEs to be strongly functional dependent. We also discuss the importance of density thresholding in DFAs and find that all of the functionals studied in this work yield total energies converged to $0.1\ μE_{h}$ when densities smaller than $10^{-11}a_{0}^{-3}$ are screened out.
More-Realistic Band Gaps from Meta-Generalized Gradient Approximations: Only in a Generalized Kohn-Sham Scheme
与局域密度近似(LDA)和广义梯度近似(GGA)不同,元广义梯度近似(meta-GGA)的计算通常根据广义Kohn-Sham(gKS)形式主义进行。交换相关势的gKS方程是非乘法的,这阻止了系统的比较元GGA能带结构的LDA和GGA。我们实现了优化的有效势(OEP)的元GGA的周期性系统,这使我们能够进行元GGA计算在相同的KS方式为LDA和GGA。我们将OEP应用于几个元GGA,包括新的SCAN功能[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115,036402(2015)]。我们发现meta-GGAs的KS能隙和KS能带结构与GGAs的接近。它们比偏-GGA的更真实的gKS能隙小,但可能接近精确KS势的能带结构中不太真实的能隙,如通过与EXX+RPA OEP势的能隙比较可以看出的。在OEP计算中,众所周知的元-GGA的网格敏感性要严重得多。
Assessment of Various Density Functionals and Basis Sets for the Calculation of Molecular Anharmonic Force Fields
In a previous contribution (Mol. Phys. { \bf 103}, xxxx, 2005), we established the suitability of density functional theory (DFT) for the calculation of molecular anharmonic force fields. In the present work, we have assessed a wide variety of basis sets and exchange-correlation functionals for harmonic and fundamental frequencies , equilibrium and ground-state rotational constants, and thermodynamic functions beyond the RRHO (rigid rotor-harmonic oscillator) approximation. The fairly good performance of double-zeta plus polarization basis sets for frequencies results from an error compensatio…
Fully numerical Hartree-Fock and density functional calculations. II. Diatomic molecules
我们提出了一个变分有限元求解器在HelFEM程序的基准计算双原子系统的实施。使用$χ_{nlm}(μ,ν,ϕ)=B_{n}(μ)Y_{l}^{m}(ν,ϕ)$形式的基组,其中$(μ,ν,ϕ)$是变换的长椭球坐标,$B_{n}(μ)$是有限元形状函数,以及$Y_{l}^{m}$是球谐函数。基组允许任意水平的精度在计算双原子分子,这可以在目前进行的非相对论哈特里-福克(HF)或密度泛函(DF)理论。数百个局部自旋密度近似(LDA)、广义梯度近似(GGA)和元GGA级别的DF可以通过与Libxc库的接口使用;元GGA和混合DF在其他完全数值化的双原子程序包中不可用。HelFEM中还支持有限电场,从而能够访问电属性。我们引入了一个强大的工具,自适应地选择基集使用核心哈密顿作为其完整性的代理。HelFEM和新的基组程序表明,通过再现的限制开壳HF极限能量的68个双原子分子的$1^{\text{st}}$的$4^{\text{th}}$期间与文献值具有良好的一致性,尽管需要\emph{orders of magnitude}较少的参数的波函数。然后,BH和N2分子在有限场下的电性质进行了研究,再次产生良好的协议与以前的HF极限值的能量,偶极矩,和偶极极化率,再次与更紧凑的波函数比文献中所需要的。最后,HF,LDA,GGA,和元GGA计算N2的原子化能进行,证明了本方法的高超精度。
Revisiting the performance of time-dependent density functional theory for electronic excitations: Assessment of 43 popular and recently developed functionals from rungs one to four
在本文中,超过40个流行的或最近开发的密度泛函的性能进行评估的计算463垂直激发能对大型和准确的QuestDB基准集。为此,Tamm-Dancoff近似在性能和精度之间提供了良好的平衡。发现泛函$ω$ B 97 X-D和BMK提供了最佳的整体性能,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.28 eV,优于计算要求更高的CIS(D)波函数方法,RMSE为0.36 eV。结果还表明,雅各布阶梯仍然适用于TDDFT激发能,虽然混合元-GGA一般不优于混合GGA。基组收敛的影响,规范不变性校正元GGA,和非局部相关性(VV 10)进行了研究,并提供了实用的基组建议。
Improving the applicability of the Pauli kinetic energy density based semilocal functional for solids
泡利动能增强因子$α=(τ-τ^W)/τ^{unif}$是一个重要的密度成分,用于构造许多元广义梯度近似(meta-GGA)交换相关(XC)能量泛函,包括非常成功的强约束和适当赋范(SCAN)半局部泛函。最近还提出了另一种称为MGGAC的元GGA泛函[Phys. Rev. B 100,155140(2019)],其仅取决于$α$成分,并基于Becke-Bessel方法与无尖氢交换空穴密度的推广。MGGAC泛函被证明是一个非常有用的和有竞争力的meta-GGA半局部泛函的固体和分子的电子结构性质。在成功引入$α$的基础上,我们提出了修正的MGGAC交换泛函的相关能,该泛函更精确、更稳健,尤其适用于均匀密度标度的高、低密度极限.目前XC功能,命名为修订MGGAC(rMGGAC),显示了令人印象深刻的改善固体的结构和能量性质相比,其以前的版本。此外,本构造的功能的评估表明是非常有用的固态物理在解决当前具有挑战性的固态问题。