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EDEN巡天:小凌日行星探测极限和15秒差距以内晚M矮星出现率的约束

EDEN Survey: Small Transiting Planet Detection Limits and Constraints on the Occurrence Rates for Late M Dwarfs within 15 pc

Jeremy Dietrich, Dániel Apai, Martin Schlecker, Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman, Benjamin V. Rackham, Nicolas Kurtovic, Karan Molaverdikhani, Paul Gabor, Thomas Henni… 展开作者

Jeremy Dietrich, Dániel Apai, Martin Schlecker, Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman, Benjamin V. Rackham, Nicolas Kurtovic, Karan Molaverdikhani, Paul Gabor, Thomas Henning, Wen-Ping Chen, Luigi Mancini, Alex Bixel, Aidan Gibbs, Richard P. Boyle, Samantha Brown-Sevilla, Remo Burn, Timmy N. Delage, Lizxandra Flores-Rivera, Riccardo Franceschi, Gabriele Pichierri, Sofia Savvidou, Jonas Syed, Ivan Bruni, Wing-Huen Ip, Chow-Choong Ngeow, An-Li Tsai, Chia-Lung Lin, Wei-Jie Hou, Hsiang-Yao Hsiao, Chi-Sheng Lin, Hung-Chin Lin, Ritvik Basant

摘要:

地球大小的系外行星,过境附近,晚光谱型红矮星将是主要目标的大气特征在未来十年。然而,这样的系统很难通过像开普勒或TESS这样的广域凌日调查找到。因此,这种凌日行星的存在是未经探索的,并且在晚M矮星周围的短周期地球大小的行星的出现率仍然受到很大的限制。在这里,我们提出了最深的光度监测活动的22个附近的晚M矮星,使用数据从500多个夜晚的7个1-2米级望远镜。我们的调查包括所有已知的单一的静态北部晚M矮星在15 pc。我们使用过境注入和回收测试来量化我们的调查的完整性,成功地识别大多数($>80\%$)过境短周期(0.5-1 d)的超级地球($R > 1.9 R_\oplus$),并敏感($\sim50\%$)过境地球大小的行星($1.0-1.2 R_\oplus$)。我们对过境的高度敏感性和接近零的假阳性率表明了一种有效的调查策略。我们的调查没有产生过境行星检测,但它提供了最敏感的过境行星绕我们的目标恒星的上限。最后,我们探讨了关于晚M矮星周围短周期行星(从地球大小的行星到巨行星)的出现率的多种假设。例如,我们表明,短周期($<1$天)的巨行星在我们的目标恒星周围是不常见的。我们的数据集提供了一些关于类TRAPPIST-1恒星周围短周期行星出现率的见解,我们的结果可以帮助测试行星形成和系统演化模型,并指导未来对附近晚M矮星的观测。

英文摘要:

Earth-sized exoplanets that transit nearby, late spectral type red dwarfs will be prime targets for atmospheric characterization in the coming decade. Such systems, however, are difficult to find via wide-field transit surveys like Kepler or TESS. Consequently, the presence of such transiting planets is unexplored and the occurrence rates of short-period Earth-sized planets around late M dwarfs remain poorly constrained. Here, we present the deepest photometric monitoring campaign of 22 nearby late M dwarf stars, using data from over 500 nights on seven 1-2 meter class telescopes. Our survey includes all known single quiescent northern late M dwarfs within 15 pc. We use transit-injection-and-recovery tests to quantify the completeness of our survey, successfully identify most ($>80\%$) transiting short-period (0.5-1 d) super-Earths ($R > 1.9 R_\oplus$), and are sensitive ($\sim50\%$) to transiting Earth-sized planets ($1.0-1.2 R_\oplus$). Our high sensitivity to transits with a near-zero false positive rate demonstrates an efficient survey strategy. Our survey does not yield a transiting planet detection, yet it provides the most sensitive upper limits on transiting planets orbiting our target stars. Finally, we explore multiple hypotheses about the occurrence rates of short-period planets (from Earth-sized planets to giant planets) around late M dwarfs. We show, for example, that giant planets at short periods ($<1$ day) are uncommon around our target stars. Our dataset provides some insight into occurrence rates of short-period planets around TRAPPIST-1-like stars, and our results can help test planetary formation and system evolution models, as well as guide future observations of nearby late M dwarfs.

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