家族之争：IIP型超新星“同胞”对距离的判断一致吗？
Family dispute: do Type IIP supernova siblings agree on their distance?
AI总结：
本文利用同一宿主星系中成对IIP型超新星的光谱时间序列，结合基于Tardis模型训练的光谱仿真器与膨胀光球法估计距离，并通过贝叶斯因子验证了该方法所得距离估计的内部一致性与稳健性。
摘要：
背景：II型超新星通过膨胀光球法提供了一种直接估计距离的途径，该方法不依赖于宇宙距离阶梯。最近引入的一种基于高斯过程的方法能够快速且精确地对光谱时间序列进行建模，这使得基于II型超新星的精确且计算成本低廉的绝对距离测定变得触手可及。目的：本文的目标是利用超新星“同胞”（即在同一宿主星系中爆发的超新星）的光谱时间序列，从经验上评估这种新建模技术与距离估计相结合时的内部一致性。方法：我们使用最近开发的光谱仿真器代码，该代码基于Tardis辐射转移模型训练，能够进行快速的最大似然参数估计和光谱拟合。在计算出超新星的相关物理参数后，我们应用膨胀光球法来估计它们的距离。最后，我们通过应用贝叶斯因子的形式体系来检验所得数值的一致性。结果：基于每个宿主星系中的两颗超新星，我们估计了四个不同宿主星系的距离。距离估计不仅在每对超新星“同胞”的误差范围内一致，而且在两个宿主星系的情况下，精度优于5%。结论：尽管我们使用的文献数据并非为满足我们分析的要求而专门定制，但最终估计结果的一致性表明该方法是稳健的，并且能够推断出既精确又一致的距离。通过使用高质量的光谱时间序列，该方法可以提供独立于距离阶梯的精确距离估计，这对宇宙学具有重要价值。
英文摘要：
Context: Type II supernovae provide a direct way to estimate distances through the expanding photosphere method, which is independent of the cosmic distance ladder. A recently introduced Gaussian process-based method allows for a fast and precise modelling of spectral time series, which puts accurate and computationally cheap Type II-based absolute distance determinations within reach. Aims: The goal of the paper is to assess the internal consistency of this new modelling technique coupled with the distance estimation empirically, using the spectral time series of supernova siblings, i.e. supernovae that exploded in the same host galaxy. Methods: We use a recently developed spectral emulator code, which is trained on \textsc{Tardis} radiative transfer models and is capable of a fast maximum likelihood parameter estimation and spectral fitting. After calculating the relevant physical parameters of supernovae we apply the expanding photosphere method to estimate their distances. Finally, we test the consistency of the obtained values by applying the formalism of Bayes factors. Results: The distances to four different host galaxies were estimated based on two supernovae in each. The distance estimates are not only consistent within the errors for each of the supernova sibling pairs, but in the case of two hosts they are precise to better than 5\%. Conclusions: Even though the literature data we used was not tailored for the requirements of our analysis, the agreement of the final estimates shows that the method is robust and is capable of inferring both precise and consistent distances. By using high-quality spectral time series, this method can provide precise distance estimates independent of the distance ladder, which are of high value for cosmology.
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