Perception Datasets for Anomaly Detection in Autonomous Driving: A Survey
FZI Research Center for Information Technology（FZI信息技术研究中心）；Karlsruhe Institute of Technology（卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院）；University of Wuppertal（伍珀塔尔大学）；Interdisciplinary Center for Machine Learning and Data Analytics（机器学习与数据分析跨学科中心）
Daniel Bogdoll, Svenja Uhlemeyer, Kamil Kowol, J. Marius Zöllner
Deep neural networks (DNN) which are employed in perception systems for autonomous driving require a huge amount of data to train on, as they must reliably achieve high performance in all kinds of situations. However, these DNN are usually restricted to a closed set of semantic classes available in their training data, and are therefore unreliable when confronted with previously unseen instances. Thus, multiple perception datasets have been created for the evaluation of anomaly detection methods, which can be categorized into three groups: real anomalies in real-world, synthetic anomalies augmented into real-world and completely synthetic scenes. This survey provides a structured and, to the best of our knowledge, complete overview and comparison of perception datasets for anomaly detection in autonomous driving. Each chapter provides information about tasks and ground truth, context information, and licenses. Additionally, we discuss current weaknesses and gaps in existing datasets to underline the importance of developing further data.
Perception is one of the crucial module of the autonomous driving system, which has made great progress recently. However, limited ability of individual vehicles results in the bottleneck of improvement of the perception performance. To break through the limits of individual perception, collaborative perception has been proposed which enables vehicles to share information to perceive the environments beyond line-of-sight and field-of-view. In this paper, we provide a review of the related work about the promising collaborative perception technology, including introducing the fundamental concep…
The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；Sony AI（索尼人工智能）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）
Optical sensors and learning algorithms for autonomous vehicles have dramatically advanced in the past few years. Nonetheless, the reliability of today's autonomous vehicles is hindered by the limited line-of-sight sensing capability and the brittleness of data-driven methods in handling extreme situations. With recent developments of telecommunication technologies, cooperative perception with vehicle-to-vehicle communications has become a promising paradigm to enhance autonomous driving in dangerous or emergency situations. We introduce COOPERNAUT, an end-to-end learning model that uses cross…
We develop a novel framework to assess the risk of misperception in a traffic sign classification task in the presence of exogenous noise. We consider the problem in an autonomous driving setting, where visual input quality gradually improves due to improved resolution, and less noise since the distance to traffic signs decreases. Using the estimated perception statistics obtained using the standard classification algorithms, we aim to quantify the risk of misperception to mitigate the effects of imperfect visual observation. By exploring perception outputs, their expected high-level actions, …
This paper introduces the autonomous system of the "Smart Shark II" which won the Formula Student Autonomous China (FSAC) Competition in 2018. In this competition, an autonomous racecar is required to complete autonomously two laps of unknown track. In this paper, the author presents the self-driving software structure of this racecar which ensure high vehicle speed and safety. The key components ensure a stable driving of the racecar, LiDAR-based and Vision-based cone detection provide a redundant perception; the EKF-based localization offers high accuracy and high frequency state estimation;…
Human-vehicle cooperative driving has become the critical technology of autonomous driving, which reduces the workload of human drivers. However, the complex and uncertain road environments bring great challenges to the visual perception of cooperative systems. And the perception characteristics of autonomous driving differ from manual driving a lot. To enhance the visual perception capability of human-vehicle cooperative driving, this paper proposed a cooperative visual perception model. 506 images of complex road and traffic scenarios were collected as the data source. Then this paper improv…
University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Ford Motor Company（福特汽车公司）
We propose a novel and pragmatic framework for traffic scene perception with roadside cameras. The proposed framework covers a full-stack of roadside perception pipeline for infrastructure-assisted autonomous driving, including object detection, object localization, object tracking, and multi-camera information fusion. Unlike previous vision-based perception frameworks rely upon depth offset or 3D annotation at training, we adopt a modular decoupling design and introduce a landmark-based 3D localization method, where the detection and localization can be well decoupled so that the model can be…
Today, there are two major paradigms for vision-based autonomous driving systems: mediated perception approaches that parse an entire scene to make a driving decision, and behavior reflex approaches that directly map an input image to a driving action by a regressor. In this paper, we propose a third paradigm: a direct perception approach to estimate the affordance for driving. We propose to map an input image to a small number of key perception indicators that directly relate to the affordance of a road/traffic state for driving. Our representation provides a set of compact yet complete descr…
SEPT: Standard-Definition Map Enhanced Scene Perception and Topology Reasoning for Autonomous Driving
Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（电子与计算机工程系，香港科学与技术大学）；Zhuoyu Technology（卓予科技）；State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University（新型软件技术国家重点实验室，南京大学）
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid（马德里卡洛斯三世大学）；Renault SAS（雷诺股份有限公司）
In this paper, a multi-modal 360$^{\circ}$ framework for 3D object detection and tracking for autonomous vehicles is presented. The process is divided into four main stages. First, images are fed into a CNN network to obtain instance segmentation of the surrounding road participants. Second, LiDAR-to-image association is performed for the estimated mask proposals. Then, the isolated points of every object are processed by a PointNet ensemble to compute their corresponding 3D bounding boxes and poses. Lastly, a tracking stage based on Unscented Kalman Filter is used to track the agents along ti…
Waterloo Artificial Intelligence Institute（滑铁卢人工智能研究所）；Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学系统设计工程系）；David Cheriton school of Computer science, University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学戴维·谢里顿计算机学院）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）
This paper analyzes the robustness of deep learning models in autonomous driving applications and discusses the practical solutions to address that.
RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学）；Institute for Automotive Engineering（汽车工程研究所）
Safety assurance of automated driving systems must consider uncertain environment perception. This paper reviews literature addressing how perception testing is realized as part of safety assurance. We focus on testing for verification and validation purposes at the interface between perception and planning, and structure our analysis along the three axes 1) test criteria and metrics, 2) test scenarios, and 3) reference data. Furthermore, the analyzed literature includes related safety standards, safety-independent perception algorithm benchmarking, and sensor modeling. We find that the realiz…
Huazhong University of Science & Technology（华中科技大学）
A panoptic driving perception system is an essential part of autonomous driving. A high-precision and real-time perception system can assist the vehicle in making the reasonable decision while driving. We present a panoptic driving perception network (YOLOP) to perform traffic object detection, drivable area segmentation and lane detection simultaneously. It is composed of one encoder for feature extraction and three decoders to handle the specific tasks. Our model performs extremely well on the challenging BDD100K dataset, achieving state-of-the-art on all three tasks in terms of accuracy and…
New York University（纽约大学）；University of Southern California（南加州大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Shanghai AI Laboratory（上海人工智能实验室）
Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication techniques enable the collaboration between vehicles and many other entities in the neighboring environment, which could fundamentally improve the perception system for autonomous driving. However, the lack of a public dataset significantly restricts the research progress of collaborative perception. To fill this gap, we present V2X-Sim, a comprehensive simulated multi-agent perception dataset for V2X-aided autonomous driving. V2X-Sim provides: (1) \hl{multi-agent} sensor recordings from the road-side unit (RSU) and multiple vehicles that enable collab…
Uber Advanced Technologies Group（优步先进技术集团）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）
We present a novel method for testing the safety of self-driving vehicles in simulation. We propose an alternative to sensor simulation, as sensor simulation is expensive and has large domain gaps. Instead, we directly simulate the outputs of the self-driving vehicle's perception and prediction system, enabling realistic motion planning testing. Specifically, we use paired data in the form of ground truth labels and real perception and prediction outputs to train a model that predicts what the online system will produce. Importantly, the inputs to our system consists of high definition maps, b…
The inability of state-of-the-art semantic segmentation methods to detect anomaly instances hinders them from being deployed in safety-critical and complex applications, such as autonomous driving. Recent approaches have focused on either leveraging segmentation uncertainty to identify anomalous areas or re-synthesizing the image from the semantic label map to find dissimilarities with the input image. In this work, we demonstrate that these two methodologies contain complementary information and can be combined to produce robust predictions for anomaly segmentation. We present a pixel-wise an…
Lehigh University（利哈伊大学）；Eindhoven University of Technology（埃因霍温理工大学）
This work presents a step towards utilizing incrementally-improving symbolic perception knowledge of the robot's surroundings for provably correct reactive control synthesis applied to an autonomous driving problem. Combining abstract models of motion control and information gathering, we show that assume-guarantee specifications (a subclass of Linear Temporal Logic) can be used to define and resolve traffic rules for cautious planning. We propose a novel representation called symbolic refinement tree for perception that captures the incremental knowledge about the environment and embodies the…
Australian Institute for Machine Learning（澳大利亚机器学习研究所）；University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学）；Singapore Management University（新加坡管理大学）
State-of-the-art (SOTA) anomaly segmentation approaches on complex urban driving scenes explore pixel-wise classification uncertainty learned from outlier exposure, or external reconstruction models. However, previous uncertainty approaches that directly associate high uncertainty to anomaly may sometimes lead to incorrect anomaly predictions, and external reconstruction models tend to be too inefficient for real-time self-driving embedded systems. In this paper, we propose a new anomaly segmentation method, named pixel-wise energy-biased abstention learning (PEBAL), that explores pixel-wise a…
Learning-based perception and prediction modules in modern autonomous driving systems typically rely on expensive human annotation and are designed to perceive only a handful of predefined object categories. This closed-set paradigm is insufficient for the safety-critical autonomous driving task, where the autonomous vehicle needs to process arbitrarily many types of traffic participants and their motion behaviors in a highly dynamic world. To address this difficulty, this paper pioneers a novel and challenging direction, i.e., training perception and prediction models to understand open-set m…
Nowadays, plenty of deep learning technologies are being applied to all aspects of autonomous driving with promising results. Among them, object detection is the key to improve the ability of an autonomous agent to perceive its environment so that it can (re)act. However, previous vision-based object detectors cannot achieve satisfactory performance under real-time driving scenarios. To remedy this, we present the real-time steaming perception system in this paper, which is also the 2nd Place solution of Streaming Perception Challenge (Workshop on Autonomous Driving at CVPR 2021) for the detec…
Based on the direct perception paradigm of autonomous driving, we investigate and modify the CNNs (convolutional neural networks) AlexNet and GoogLeNet that map an input image to few perception indicators (heading angle, distances to preceding cars, and distance to road centerline) for estimating driving affordances in highway traffic. We also design a controller with these indicators and the short-range sensor information of TORCS (the open racing car simulator) for driving simulated cars to avoid collisions. We collect a set of images from a TORCS camera in various driving scenarios, train t…
Over the last decade, multi-tasking learning approaches have achieved promising results in solving panoptic driving perception problems, providing both high-precision and high-efficiency performance. It has become a popular paradigm when designing networks for real-time practical autonomous driving system, where computation resources are limited. This paper proposed an effective and efficient multi-task learning network to simultaneously perform the task of traffic object detection, drivable road area segmentation and lane detection. Our model achieved the new state-of-the-art (SOTA) performan…
With the development of autonomous driving, the improvement of autonomous driving technology for individual vehicles has reached the bottleneck. The advancement of vehicle-road cooperation autonomous driving technology can expand the vehicle's perception range, supplement the perception blind area and improve the perception accuracy, to promote the development of autonomous driving technology and achieve vehicle-road integration. This project mainly uses lidar to develop data fusion schemes to realize the sharing and combination of vehicle and road equipment data and achieve the detection and …
The formation of eyes led to the big bang of evolution. The dynamics changed from a primitive organism waiting for the food to come into contact for eating food being sought after by visual sensors. The human eye is one of the most sophisticated developments of evolution, but it still has defects. Humans have evolved a biological perception algorithm capable of driving cars, operating machinery, piloting aircraft, and navigating ships over millions of years. Automating these capabilities for computers is critical for various applications, including self-driving cars, augmented reality, and arc…
An Autonomous Driving Model Integrated with BEV-V2X Perception, Fusion Prediction of Motion and Occupancy, and Driving Planning, in Complex Traffic Intersections
Baidu Inc.（百度公司）；China University of Mining and Technology（中国矿业大学）
Concurrent perception datasets for autonomous driving are mainly limited to frontal view with sensors mounted on the vehicle. None of them is designed for the overlooked roadside perception tasks. On the other hand, the data captured from roadside cameras have strengths over frontal-view data, which is believed to facilitate a safer and more intelligent autonomous driving system. To accelerate the progress of roadside perception, we present the first high-diversity challenging Roadside Perception 3D dataset- Rope3D from a novel view. The dataset consists of 50k images and over 1.5M 3D objects …
