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arXiv 2302.00151math.ATcs.LO
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在 Cubical Agda 中形式化与计算三维球面的第四同伦群

Formalising and Computing the Fourth Homotopy Group of the $3$-Sphere in Cubical Agda

Axel Ljungström, Anders Mörtberg

AI总结:

本文在 Cubical Agda 中完整形式化了三维球面第四同伦群为 $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$ 的证明,通过修改Brunerie的证明避免关键技术难点,并提出新证明使特定数迅速归一化为 $-2$,实现了计算机辅助验证。

摘要:

Brunerie 2016年的博士论文包含了同伦类型论(HoTT)中关于三维球面第四同伦群为 $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$ 这一经典结果的第一个综合证明。该证明是迄今为止最令人印象深刻的综合同伦论成果之一,使用了大量被综合重述的高级经典代数拓扑学。此外,该证明是完全构造性的,其主要结果可归约为特定“Brunerie数” $β$ 能否被归一化为 $\pm 2$ 的问题。Brunerie的证明能否在证明助手中形式化,无论是通过计算该数还是通过形式化纸笔证明,此后一直悬而未决。在本文中,我们提出了在 Cubical Agda 中的完整形式化。我们通过修改Brunerie的证明,使得Brunerie在论文中仅作概述的一个关键技术结果得以避免。我们还提出了 $β$ 为 $\pm 2$ 的全新且更简单证明的形式化。该形式化提供了一系列更简单的Brunerie数,其中一个在 Cubical Agda 中迅速归一化为 $-2$,从而产生了 $\pi_4(\mathbb{S}^3) \cong \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$ 的完全形式化计算机辅助证明。

英文摘要:

Brunerie's 2016 PhD thesis contains the first synthetic proof in Homotopy Type Theory (HoTT) of the classical result that the fourth homotopy group of the 3-sphere is $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$. The proof is one of the most impressive pieces of synthetic homotopy theory to date and uses a lot of advanced classical algebraic topology rephrased synthetically. Furthermore, the proof is fully constructive and the main result can be reduced to the question of whether a particular "Brunerie number" $β$ can be normalised to $\pm 2$. The question of whether Brunerie's proof could be formalised in a proof assistant, either by computing this number or by formalising the pen-and-paper proof, has since remained open. In this paper, we present a complete formalisation in Cubical Agda. We do this by modifying Brunerie's proof so that a key technical result, whose proof Brunerie only sketched in his thesis, can be avoided. We also present a formalisation of a new and much simpler proof that $β$ is $\pm 2$. This formalisation provides us with a sequence of simpler Brunerie numbers, one of which normalises very quickly to $-2$ in Cubical Agda, resulting in a fully formalised computer-assisted proof that $π_4(\mathbb{S}^3) \cong \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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