从产消者到灵活用户：制造业多能系统脱碳中灵活性价值的案例研究
From prosumer to flexumer: Case study on the value of flexibility in decarbonizing the multi-energy system of a manufacturing company
AI总结：
本研究通过优化脱碳多能系统的设计运行并应用数据驱动指标，量化了企业MES的灵活性价值，发现灵活性利用能显著降低脱碳成本与碳排放，并指出多技术组合是实现净零运行的关键。
摘要：
数字化和部门耦合使企业能够转变为灵活用户。通过利用其多能系统（MES）的灵活性，企业能够降低成本和碳排放，同时稳定电力系统。然而，为了确定利用需求响应（DR）潜力所需的能源转换和储能技术投资，企业需要评估灵活性的价值。因此，本研究通过优化脱碳MES的综合、设计和运行，量化了一家生产企业的MES的灵活性价值，该优化考虑了基于小时电价和碳排放因子（CEFs）的自用电优化、削峰填谷以及综合DR。对德国北部一家饮料公司的详细案例研究考虑了工业电动卡车的车辆到X技术、多温度电转热、风力涡轮机、光伏系统以及储能系统（热能、电能和氢能）。我们提出并应用了新颖的数据驱动指标来评估基于价格和基于CEF的DR强度。结果表明，灵活性的使用降低了脱碳成本（根据电力和碳移除价格降低19-80%）、总年度成本、运行碳排放、能源加权平均价格和CEFs，以及化石能源依赖性。结果还表明，净零运行碳排放MES需要灵活性，在经济可行的案例中，这种灵活性由相互补充的不同灵活技术和储能系统的组合提供。虽然灵活性的价值取决于电力或碳移除价格等各种市场和消费者特定因素，但本研究强调了需求灵活性对MES脱碳的重要性。
英文摘要：
Digitalization and sector coupling enable companies to turn into flexumers. By using the flexibility of their multi-energy system (MES), they reduce costs and carbon emissions while stabilizing the electricity system. However, to identify the necessary investments in energy conversion and storage technologies to leverage demand response (DR) potentials, companies need to assess the value of flexibility. Therefore, this study quantifies the flexibility value of a production company's MES by optimizing the synthesis, design, and operation of a decarbonizing MES considering self-consumption optimization, peak shaving, and integrated DR based on hourly prices and carbon emission factors (CEFs). The detailed case study of a beverage company in northern Germany considers vehicle-to-X of powered industrial trucks, power-to-heat on multiple temperatures, wind turbines, photovoltaic systems, and energy storage systems (thermal energy, electricity, and hydrogen). We propose and apply novel data-driven metrics to evaluate the intensity of price-based and CEF-based DR. The results reveal that flexibility usage reduces decarbonization costs (by 19-80% depending on electricity and carbon removal prices), total annual costs, operating carbon emissions, energy-weighted average prices and CEFs, and fossil energy dependency. The results also suggest that a net-zero operational carbon emission MES requires flexibility, which, in an economic case, is provided by a combination of different flexible technologies and storage systems that complement each other. While the value of flexibility depends on various market and consumer-specific factors such as electricity or carbon removal prices, this study highlights the importance of demand flexibility for the decarbonization of MESs.
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