暗符合：折射引力和MOND的小尺度解
Dark Coincidences: Small-Scale Solutions with Refracted Gravity and MOND
摘要：
广义相对论及其牛顿弱场极限不足以解释宇宙中观察到的现象，从大尺度结构的形成到星系的动力学，只有重子物质存在。研究最多的宇宙学模型$Λ$ CDM通过引入暗能量和暗物质这两个暗分量来解释大部分观测结果，这两个暗分量代表了宇宙质量-能量预算的95%，即$\sim$。然而，$Λ$ CDM模型在星系尺度上面临着重要的挑战。例如，盘星系中暗物质和重子物质的性质之间的一些非常紧密的关系，如重子Tully-Fisher关系（BTFR）、质量离散-加速度关系（MDAR）和径向加速度关系（RAR），它们见证了加速度标度$a_0 \simeq 1.2 \times 10^{-10}$ m s $^{-2}$的出现，不能用CDM范式直观地解释，宇宙结构通过随机合并过程形成。一个更突出的巧合是，星系动力学产生的加速度标度$a_0$似乎也与宇宙学常数$Λ$有关。另一个挑战是矮星系，它们比最里面的区域预期的要暗。这些证据可以更自然地解释，或者有时甚至预测，通过修改的引力理论，不引入任何暗流体。我用修改后的重力理论MOND来说明这些问题的可能解决方案，该理论在加速度小于$a_0$的情况下偏离牛顿重力，并用折射重力来说明这些问题，折射重力是2016年引入的一种新的经典重力理论，其中重力定律的修改由密度尺度来调节。
英文摘要：
General relativity and its Newtonian weak field limit are not sufficient to explain the observed phenomenology in the Universe, from the formation of large-scale structures to the dynamics of galaxies, with the only presence of baryonic matter. The most investigated cosmological model, the $Λ$CDM, accounts for the majority of observations by introducing two dark components, dark energy and dark matter, which represent $\sim$95% of the mass-energy budget of the Universe. Nevertheless, the $Λ$CDM model faces important challenges on the scale of galaxies. For example, some very tight relations between the properties of dark and baryonic matters in disk galaxies, such as the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR), the mass discrepancy-acceleration relation (MDAR), and the radial acceleration relation (RAR), which see the emergence of the acceleration scale $a_0 \simeq 1.2 \times 10^{-10}$ m s$^{-2}$, cannot be intuitively explained by the CDM paradigm, where cosmic structures form through a stochastic merging process. An even more outstanding coincidence is due to the fact that the acceleration scale $a_0$, emerging from galaxy dynamics, also seems to be related to the cosmological constant $Λ$. Another challenge is provided by dwarf galaxies, which are darker than what is expected in their innermost regions. These pieces of evidence can be more naturally explained, or sometimes even predicted, by modified theories of gravity, that do not introduce any dark fluid. I illustrate possible solutions to these problems with the modified theory of gravity MOND, which departs from Newtonian gravity for accelerations smaller than $a_0$, and with Refracted Gravity, a novel classical theory of gravity introduced in 2016, where the modification of the law of gravity is instead regulated by a density scale.
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