The universe is a vast heterogeneous network of interconnected entities that continuously generate and exchange information through various forms of interactions, some of which are yet to be discovered. Internet of Everything (IoE) framework, inspired by the ubiquitous and adaptive connectivity and the seamless interoperability within this universal network, puts forward a new road map beyond the conventional Internet of Things (IoT) towards maximizing the resolution of our interface with the universe to enable unprecedented applications. The first pillar of this road map is to reveal novel and tangible interconnections between seemingly noninteracting branches of IoT, which we call IoXs with X referring to their application domains, e.g., Internet of Energy (IoEn), Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The second pillar is to develop new IoXs that can complement the existing ones to complete the overall IoE picture and match its networking traits to that of the universe for a seamless and all-embracing cyber-physical interface. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential of this holistic IoE approach to expand the limited application landscape of the current IoT practice on a scale ranging $\textit{from molecules to the universe}$. To this end, we identify several potential interaction pathways among IoXs and introduce novel and emerging IoXs that are essential to the comprehensiveness of IoE. We also discuss the potential applications that can be enabled by such interconnections within the IoE framework and identify the associated challenges.
The Internet of Everything (IoE) is a recently introduced information and communication technology (ICT) framework promising for extending the human connectivity to the entire universe, which itself can be regarded as a natural IoE, an interconnected network of everything we perceive. The countless number of opportunities that can be enabled by IoE through a blend of heterogeneous ICT technologies across different scales and environments and a seamless interface with the natural IoE impose several fundamental challenges, such as interoperability, ubiquitous connectivity, energy efficiency, and…
The recent advances in information and communication technology (ICT) have further extended Internet of Things (IoT) from the sole "things" aspect to the omnipotent role of "intelligent connection of things". Meanwhile, the concept of internet of everything (IoE) is presented as such an omnipotent extension of IoT. However, the IoE realization meets critical challenges including the restricted network coverage and the limited resource of existing network technologies. Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have attracted significant attentions attributed to their high mobility, low cost, an…
The current statuses and future promises of the Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE) and Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) are extensively reviewed and a summarized survey is presented. The analysis clearly distinguishes between IoT and IoE, which are wrongly considered to be the same by many commentators. After evaluating the current trends of advancement in the fields of IoT, IoE and IoNT, this paper identifies the 21 most significant current and future challenges as well as scenarios for the possible future expansion of their applications. Despite possible negative aspects of…
Internet of Everything in the 6G Era: Paradigms, Enablers, Potentials and Future Directions
Computer Networks, Mobility and Modeling Laboratory (IR2M), FST, Hassan I University of Settat, Morocco, and the Department of Science and Technology, TÉLUQ, University of Quebec, Montreal, H2S 3L4, Canada（计算机网络、移动与建模实验室（IR2M），FST，哈桑一世大学塞塔特分校，摩洛哥，以及科技部，TÉLUQ，魁北克大学，蒙特利尔，H2S 3L4，加拿大）；Department of Science and Technology, TÉLUQ, University of Quebec, Montreal, H2S 3L4, Canada（科技部，TÉLUQ，魁北克大学，蒙特利尔，H2S 3L4，加拿大）；Department of Computer Science, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, H2L 2C4, Canada（计算机科学系，魁北克大学蒙特利尔分校（UQAM），蒙特利尔，H2L 2C4，加拿大）
One of the core envisions of the sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks is to accumulate artificial intelligence (AI) for autonomous controlling of the Internet of Everything (IoE). Particularly, the quality of IoE services delivery must be maintained by analyzing contextual metrics of IoE such as people, data, process, and things. However, the challenges incorporate when the AI model conceives a lake of interpretation and intuition to the network service provider. Therefore, this paper provides an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) framework for quality-aware IoE service delivery that…
6G communication technology is a revolutionary technology that will revolutionize many technologies and applications. Furthermore, it will be truly AI-driven and will carry on intelligent space. Hence, it will enable Internet of Everything (IoE) which will also impact many technologies and applications. 6G communication technology promises high Quality of Services (QoS) and high Quality of Experiences (QoE). With the combination of IoE and 6G communication technology, number of applications will be exploded in the coming future, particularly, vehicles, drones, homes, cities, hospitals, and so …
Old Dominion University（欧道明大学）；Kyung Hee University（庆熙大学）；Virginia Tech（弗吉尼亚理工学院暨州立大学）
Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) twin systems will be a fundamental enabler of zero-touch network and service management (ZSM) for sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. A reliable XAI twin system for ZSM requires two composites: an extreme analytical ability for discretizing the physical behavior of the Internet of Everything (IoE) and rigorous methods for characterizing the reasoning of such behavior. In this paper, a novel neuro-symbolic explainable artificial intelligence twin framework is proposed to enable trustworthy ZSM for a wireless IoE. The physical space of the XAI twin …
Smart city vision brings emerging heterogeneous communication technologies such as Fog Computing (FC) together to substantially reduce the latency and energy consumption of Internet of Everything (IoE) devices running various applications. The key feature that distinguishes the FC paradigm for smart cities is that it spreads communication and computing resources over the wired/wireless access network (e.g., proximate access points and base stations) to provide resource augmentation (e.g., cyberforaging) for resource and energy-limited wired/wireless (possibly mobile) things. Moreover, smart ci…
Enhancing Resilience for IoE: A Perspective of Networking-Level Safeguard
Department of Electrical Engineering（电子工程系）；Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica（学术院信息科学研究所）；Institute of Artificial Intelligence Innovation（人工智能创新研究所）；Department of Information Management（信息管理系）
Full-spectrum ranging from sub 6 GHz to THz and visible light will be exploited in 6G in order to reach unprecedented key-performance-indicators (KPIs). However, extraordinary amount of energy will be consumed by network infrastructure, while functions of massively deployed Internet of Everything (IoE) devices are limited by embedded batteries. Therefore, energy self-sustainable 6G is proposed in this article. First of all, it may achieve network-wide energy efficiency by exploiting cell-free and airborne access networks as well as by implementing intelligent holographic environments. Secondly…
Smart services based on the Internet of Everything (IoE) are gaining considerable popularity due to the ever-increasing demands of wireless networks. This demands the appraisal of the wireless networks with enhanced properties as next-generation communication systems. Although 5G networks show great potential to support numerous IoE based services, it is not adequate to meet the complete requirements of the new smart applications. Therefore, there is an increased demand for envisioning the 6G wireless communication systems to overcome the major limitations in the existing 5G networks. Moreover…
Cooperative Communications (CC) has been one of most critical communication technologies which plays a founding role on Internet of Everything in B5G/6G networks. As 5G communications standard is gradually established recently, core communications technologies with CC are further studied to significantly improve communication quality and develop new communications scenarios for B5G/6G ubiquitous networks. Considering that CC has been regarded as foundation theory which widely exists in future multiple B5G/6G hybrid scenarios, such as, Cognitive Internet of Things (CIOT) networks, UAVs communic…
Tremendous technology development in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) has changed the way we work and live. Although the numerous advantages of IoT are enriching our society, it should be reminded that the IoT also consumes energy, embraces toxic pollution and E-waste. These place new stress on the environments and smart world. In order to increase the benefits and reduce the harm of IoT, there is an increasing desire to move toward green IoT. Green IoT is seen as the future of IoT that is environmentally friendly. To achieve that, it is necessary to put a lot of measures to reduce carbon…
University of Sindh（信德大学）；Institute of Business Administration, University of Sindh（信德大学工商管理学院）；Nimbus Research Centre（尼姆布斯研究中心）；Munster Technological University（芒斯特理工大学）
After affecting the world in unexpected ways, COVID-19 has started mutating which is evident with the insurgence of its new variants. The governments, hospitals, schools, industries, and humans, in general, are looking for a potential solution in the vaccine which will eventually be available but its timeline for eradicating the virus is yet unknown. Several researchers have encouraged and recommended the use of good practices such as physical healthcare monitoring, immunity-boosting, personal hygiene, mental healthcare, and contact tracing for slowing down the spread of the virus. In this art…
Sensing as a Service (S2aaS) model [1] [2] is inspired by the traditional Everything as a service (XaaS) approaches [3]. It aims to better utilize the existing Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure. S2aaS vision aims to create 'rentable infrastructure' where interested parties can gather IoT data by paying a fee for the infrastructure owners.
With fast development of Internet of Everything (IoE) and its applications, the ever increasing mobile internet traffic and services bring unprecedented challenges including scalability, mobility, availability, and security which cannot be addressed by the current clean-slate network architecture. In this paper, a cybertwin based next generation network architecture is proposed to accomodate the evolution from end-to-end connection to cloud-to-end connection in the future network. As a digital representation of human or things in the virtual cyberspace, cybertwin serves in multiple capacities,…
In this paper, we consider an Internet of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) over cellular networks, where UAVs work as aerial users to collect various sensory data, and send the collected data to their transmission destinations over cellular links. Unlike the terrestrial users in the conventional cellular networks, different UAVs have various communication requirements due to their sensing applications, and a more flexible communication framework is in demand. To tackle this problem, we propose a UAV-to-Everything (U2X) networking, which enables the UAVs to adjust their communication modes full …
The Internet is the driving force of the new digital world, which has created a revolution. With the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT), almost everything is being connected to the internet. However, with the traditional IP network system, it is computationally very complex and costly to manage and configure the network, where the data plane and the control plane are tightly coupled. In order to simplify the network management tasks, software-defined networking (SDN) has been proposed as a promising paradigm shift towards an externalized and logically centralized network control plane. SD…
The digital transformation has been underway, creating digital shadows of (almost) all physical entities and moving them to the Internet. The era of Internet of Everything has therefore started to come into play, giving rise to unprecedented traffic growths. In this context, optical core networks forming the backbone of Internet infrastructure have been under critical issues of reaching the capacity limit of conventional fiber, a phenomenon widely referred as capacity crunch. For many years, the many-fold increases in fiber capacity is thanks to exploiting physical dimensions for multiplexing …
Nowadays, the internet of vehicles (IoV) has been evolved into the stage of vehicle to everything (V2X). However, the majority of existing work focuses on the motor-vehicles. In contrast, the sharing bicycle system is vastly and rapidly deployed as a feasible internet of things (IoT) application scene for the last mile problem (e.g., from station to home/office). Moreover, the internet access of current V2X is relied on the back-haul to roadside unit (RSU) connections. In this paper, other than prior work, we propose a versatile V2X system with a distributed framework and heterogeneous caching…
With the increasing demand for intelligent services, the sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks will shift from a traditional architecture that focuses solely on high transmission rate to a new architecture that is based on the intelligent connection of everything. Semantic communication (SemCom), a revolutionary architecture that integrates user as well as application requirements and meaning of information into the data processing and transmission, is predicted to become a new core paradigm in 6G. While SemCom is expected to progress beyond the classical Shannon paradigm, several obstacles …
Everything in the world is being connected, and things are becoming interactive. The future of the interactive world depends on the future Internet of Things (IoT). Software-defined networking (SDN) technology, a new paradigm in the networking area, can be useful in creating an IoT because it can handle interactivity by controlling physical devices, transmission of data among them, and data acquisition. However, digital signage can be one of the promising technologies in this era of technology that is progressing toward the interactive world, connecting users to the IoT network through device-…
The rise of the Internet of Everything lifestyle in the last decade has had a significant impact on the increased emergence and adoption of online learning in almost all countries across the world. E-learning 3.0 is expected to become the norm of learning globally in almost all sectors in the next few years. The pervasiveness of the Semantic Web powered by the Internet of Everything lifestyle is expected to play a huge role towards seamless and faster adoption of the emerging paradigms of E-learning 3.0. Therefore, this paper presents an exploratory study to analyze multimodal components of Se…
Modern vehicles, including connected vehicles and autonomous vehicles, nowadays involve many electronic control units connected through intra-vehicle networks to implement various functionalities and perform actions. Modern vehicles are also connected to external networks through vehicle-to-everything technologies, enabling their communications with other vehicles, infrastructures, and smart devices. However, the improving functionality and connectivity of modern vehicles also increase their vulnerabilities to cyber-attacks targeting both intra-vehicle and external networks due to the large at…
The emerging Internet of Things (IoT) applications that leverage ubiquitous connectivity and big data are facilitating the realization of smart everything initiatives. IoT-enabled infrastructures have naturally a multi-layer system architecture with an overlaid or underlaid device network and its coexisting infrastructure network. The connectivity between different components in these two heterogeneous interdependent networks plays an important role in delivering real-time information and ensuring a high-level situational awareness. However, IoT-enabled infrastructures face cyber threats due t…
