突破元素周期表的极限--原子相对论电子结构理论与超重元素计算评述
Pushing the Limits of the Periodic Table -- A Review on Atomic Relativistic Electronic Structure Theory and Calculations for the Superheavy Elements
摘要：
本文综述了超重元素原子结构理论的研究进展，重点介绍了超重元素的基态构型和元素在元素周期表中的位置。为了理解大原子序数范围内的电子结构和相关性，正确求解强库仑场中的狄拉克方程以及考虑量子电动力学效应是很重要的。我们特别专注于处理多粒子狄拉克方程时遇到的基本困难。我们进一步讨论了未来的多电子原子结构计算的可能性超出了临界核电荷\(Z_{\rm crit}\approx 170\)，其中水平，如\(1s\)壳潜入负能量连续（\(E_{nκ}<-m_ec^2\)）。由此产生的伽莫夫状态的性质在一个操纵的希尔伯特空间形式主义突出。
英文摘要：
We review the progress in atomic structure theory with a focus on superheavy elements and the aim to predict their ground state configuration and element's placement in the periodic table. To understand the electronic structure and correlations in the regime of large atomic numbers, it is important to correctly solve the Dirac equation in strong Coulomb fields, and also to take into account quantum electrodynamic effects. We specifically focus on the fundamental difficulties encountered when dealing with the many-particle Dirac equation. We further discuss the possibility for future many-electron atomic structure calculations going beyond the critical nuclear charge \(Z_{\rm crit}\approx 170\), where levels such as the \(1s\) shell dive into the negative energy continuum (\(E_{nκ}<-m_ec^2\)). The nature of the resulting Gamow states within a rigged Hilbert space formalism is highlighted.
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