平面 #CSP 相等对应于量子同构——一个 Holant 视角
Planar #CSP Equality Corresponds to Quantum Isomorphism -- A Holant Viewpoint
AI总结:
本文将图量子同构与平面图同态计数的等价关系扩展至任意实值约束函数的平面 #CSP,利用平面 Holant 框架、基于量子置换矩阵的新型全息变换及量子自同构群完成了双向证明。
摘要:
最近,Mančinska 和 Roberson 证明了两张图 $G$ 和 $G'$ 是量子同构的,当且仅当它们从所有平面图接受相同数量的同态。我们将这一结果扩展到具有任意一对实值、任意元约束函数集合 $\mathcal{F}$ 和 $\mathcal{F}'$ 的平面 #CSP。图同态是其中 $\mathcal{F}$ 和 $\mathcal{F}'$ 各自包含单个对称 0-1 值二元约束函数的特例。我们的处理使用了平面 Holant 问题的框架。为了证明量子同构的约束函数集合在任何平面 #CSP 实例上给出相同的值,我们应用了 Valiant 的一种新颖的全息变换形式,使用了定义量子同构的量子置换矩阵 $\mathcal{U}$。由于 $\mathcal{U}$ 元素的非交换性,结果表明这种形式的全息变换仅适用于平面 Holant。为了证明其逆命题,我们引入了约束函数集合 $\mathcal{F}$ 的量子自同构群 Qut$(\mathcal{F})$,并将 Qut$(\mathcal{F})$ 的交织子表征为平面 Holant$(\mathcal{F}\\,|\\,\mathcal{EQ})$ 量子小工具的签名矩阵。然后,我们为约束函数定义了一种新的(射影)连通性概念,并在保持量子自同构群的同时降低元数。最后,为了应对从 0-1 值推广到实值约束函数所带来的挑战,我们将 Lovász 在经典设定中用于实值加权图同构的技术,调整应用于量子同构的设定中。
英文摘要:
Recently, Mančinska and Roberson proved that two graphs $G$ and $G'$ are quantum isomorphic if and only if they admit the same number of homomorphisms from all planar graphs. We extend this result to planar #CSP with any pair of sets $\mathcal{F}$ and $\mathcal{F}'$ of real-valued, arbitrary-arity constraint functions. Graph homomorphism is the special case where each of $\mathcal{F}$ and $\mathcal{F}'$ contains a single symmetric 0-1-valued binary constraint function. Our treatment uses the framework of planar Holant problems. To prove that quantum isomorphic constraint function sets give the same value on any planar #CSP instance, we apply a novel form of holographic transformation of Valiant, using the quantum permutation matrix $\mathcal{U}$ defining the quantum isomorphism. Due to the noncommutativity of $\mathcal{U}$'s entries, it turns out that this form of holographic transformation is only applicable to planar Holant. To prove the converse, we introduce the quantum automorphism group Qut$(\mathcal{F})$ of a set of constraint functions $\mathcal{F}$, and characterize the intertwiners of Qut$(\mathcal{F})$ as the signature matrices of planar Holant$(\mathcal{F}\,|\,\mathcal{EQ})$ quantum gadgets. Then we define a new notion of (projective) connectivity for constraint functions and reduce arity while preserving the quantum automorphism group. Finally, to address the challenges posed by generalizing from 0-1 valued to real-valued constraint functions, we adapt a technique of Lovász in the classical setting for isomorphisms of real-weighted graphs to the setting of quantum isomorphisms.
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