单次曝光X射线暗场成像：使用单光栅装置量化样品微观结构
Single-exposure x-ray dark-field imaging: quantifying sample microstructure using a single-grid setup
AI总结：
本研究提出基于单光栅的单次曝光X射线暗场成像方法，通过量化不同尺寸聚苯乙烯微球的暗场信号，验证了暗场散射角与微观结构尺寸平方根成反比的理论模型，并给出最优传播距离方程。
摘要：
X射线成像系统中可检测的最小样品特征尺寸通常受限于系统的空间分辨率。如今，利用扩散暗场信号可以突破这一限制，该信号由未分辨的相位效应或未分辨的样品微观结构产生的超小角X射线散射生成。对这种暗场信号进行定量测量，有助于在医学诊断、安检和材料科学领域揭示微观结构尺寸或材料属性。近期，我们提出了一种基于单次曝光光栅的新方法，可通过散射角对扩散暗场信号进行量化。在本文中，我们研究了从这种单次曝光暗场信号中量化样品微观结构尺寸的问题。我们通过量化5种不同尺寸（范围为1.0 μm至10.8 μm）的聚苯乙烯微球产生的扩散暗场信号，探究暗场信号强度如何随样品微观结构尺寸S变化。我们还探讨了开展单次曝光暗场成像的可行性，给出了针对特定尺寸和厚度的微观结构的最优传播距离的简单方程，并通过实验数据成功验证了该方程。我们的理论模型预测，暗场散射角与√S成反比，这与我们的实验数据一致。
英文摘要：
The size of the smallest detectable sample feature in an x-ray imaging system is usually restricted by the spatial resolution of the system. This limitation can now be overcome using the diffusive dark-field signal, which is generated by unresolved phase effects or the ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering from unresolved sample microstructures. A quantitative measure of this dark-field signal can be useful in revealing the microstructure size or material for medical diagnosis, security screening and materials science. Recently, we derived a new method to quantify the diffusive dark-field signal in terms of a scattering angle using a single-exposure grid-based approach. In this manuscript, we look at the problem of quantifying the sample microstructure size from this single-exposure dark-field signal. We do this by quantifying the diffusive dark-field signal produced by 5 different sizes of polystyrene microspheres, ranging from 1.0 $μ$m to 10.8 $μ$m, to investigate how the strength of the dark-field signal changes with the sample microstructure size, $S$. We also explore the feasibility of performing single-exposure dark-field imaging with a simple equation for the optimal propagation distance given microstructure with a specific size and thickness, and successfully verify this equation with experimental data. Our theoretical model predicts that the dark-field scattering angle is inversely proportional to $\sqrt{S}$, which is consistent with our experimental data.
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