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arXiv 2212.01465astro-ph.GAastro-ph.SR
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早期形成的大质量恒星抑制恒星形成与等级星团组装

Early-Forming Massive Stars Suppress Star Formation and Hierarchical Cluster Assembly

Sean C. Lewis, Stephen L. W. McMillan, Mordecai-Mark Mac Low, Claude Cournoyer-Cloutier, Brooke Polak, Maite J. C. Wilhelm, Aaron Tran, Alison Sills, Simon Port… 展开作者

Sean C. Lewis, Stephen L. W. McMillan, Mordecai-Mark Mac Low, Claude Cournoyer-Cloutier, Brooke Polak, Maite J. C. Wilhelm, Aaron Tran, Alison Sills, Simon Portegies Zwart, Ralf S. Klessen, Joshua E. Wall

AI总结:

本研究通过对照模拟实验发现,早期形成的大质量恒星会通过反馈作用破坏原生气体结构、抑制恒星形成,改变星团组装模式,推动形成分散的无束缚子星团,而非单一的大质量星团。

摘要:

大质量恒星的反馈在星团形成中发挥着重要作用。一颗极高质量恒星在星团形成时间线中诞生得较早还是较晚,会对星团的形成与组装过程产生深远影响。我们开展了一项对照实验,以明确早期形成的大质量恒星对星团形成的影响。我们使用恒星形成软件套件\texttt{Torch},结合自引力磁流体力学、光线追踪辐射输运、$N$体动力学以及恒星反馈,对4个初始状态完全相同、质量为$10^4$ M$_\bullet$、数密度峰值为$521.5 \text{ cm}^{-3}$的高斯密度分布巨分子云进行建模。我们通过\texttt{AMUSE}框架调用\texttt{Torch}软件套件,修改了其中3个模型,确保形成的第一颗恒星为极高质量恒星(质量分别为50、70、100 M$_\bullet$)。早期形成的大质量恒星会破坏原生气体结构,导致气体快速从恒星形成区排出。恒星形成速率受到抑制,最终形成的恒星总质量也随之降低。我们的基准对照模型(无早期大质量恒星)拥有更高的恒星形成速率,总恒星形成效率最高可达前者的3倍,每自由下落时间的平均恒星形成效率最高可达前者的7倍。早期形成的大质量恒星会促进空间分离、引力不受束缚的子星团的构建,而对照模型则会形成一个单一的大质量星团。

英文摘要:

Feedback from massive stars plays an important role in the formation of star clusters. Whether a very massive star is born early or late in the cluster formation timeline has profound implications for the star cluster formation and assembly processes. We carry out a controlled experiment to characterize the effects of early-forming massive stars on star cluster formation. We use the star formation software suite \texttt{Torch}, combining self-gravitating magnetohydrodynamics, ray-tracing radiative transfer, $N$-body dynamics, and stellar feedback to model four initially identical $10^4$ M$_\odot$ giant molecular clouds with a Gaussian density profile peaking at $521.5 \mbox{ cm}^{-3}$. Using the \texttt{Torch} software suite through the \texttt{AMUSE} framework we modify three of the models to ensure that the first star that forms is very massive (50, 70, 100 M$_\odot$). Early-forming massive stars disrupt the natal gas structure, resulting in fast evacuation of the gas from the star forming region. The star formation rate is suppressed, reducing the total mass of stars formed. Our fiducial control model without an early massive star has a larger star formation rate and total efficiency by up to a factor of three and a higher average star formation efficiency per free-fall time by up to a factor of seven. Early-forming massive stars promote the buildup of spatially separate and gravitationally unbound subclusters, while the control model forms a single massive cluster.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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