光、电、磁致伸缩的含时理论
Time-dependent theory of optical electro- and magnetostriction
摘要：
电致伸缩，即介电材料在电场作用下的变形，一直是光学领域的研究热点。Hakim和Higham [Proc.Phys.Soc.80，190（1962）]对稳定场的经典实验支持与Astrath等人[Light Sci. 11，103（2022）]中描述。在这项工作中，我们研究了这种差异的起源，通过开发一个时间依赖的协变理论的光子材料中的光力密度。当光脉冲在体介质中传播时，场生力密度由两部分组成：（1）光波动量力密度携带光的波动量，驱动光的协变耦合场-物质态的质量密度波向前传播。(ii)光致伸缩力密度由电场和磁场能量密度的原子密度依赖性产生。它代表了一个光学洛伦兹力定律为基础的概括的电和磁致伸缩力密度众所周知的静态电磁场，并来自虚功原理。由于光致伸缩力密度所做的功不等于材料收缩过程中场能量密度的变化，因此必须用与光致伸缩相关的耗散项来描述这种差异，以满足能量守恒。详细的物理模型的耗散是留给进一步的工作。光致伸缩力密度可以理解为材料内部的场致对相互作用。由于相关的作用和反作用效应，这种力密度不能对光场的净动量传递做出贡献。我们还利用该理论模拟了高斯光脉冲通过介质材料的传播。
英文摘要：
Electrostriction, the deformation of dielectric materials under the influence of an electric field, is of continuous interest in optics. The classic experiment by Hakim and Higham [Proc. Phys. Soc. 80, 190 (1962)] for a stationary field supports a different formula of the electrostrictive force density than the recent experiment by Astrath et al. [Light Sci. Appl. 11, 103 (2022)] for an optical field. In this work, we study the origin of this difference by developing a time-dependent covariant theory of optical force densities in photonic materials. When a light pulse propagates in a bulk dielectric, the field-induced force density consists of two parts: (i) The optical wave momentum force density carries the wave momentum of light and drives forward a mass density wave of the covariant coupled field-material state of light. (ii) The optostrictive force density arises from the atomic density dependence of the electric and magnetic field energy densities. It represents an optical Lorentz-force-law-based generalization of the electro- and magnetostrictive force densities well known for static electromagnetic fields and derived from the principle of virtual work. Since the work done by the optostrictive force density is not equal to the change of the field energy density during the contraction of the material, we have to describe this difference by optostriction-related dissipation terms to fulfill the energy conservation. The detailed physical model of the dissipation is left for further works. The optostrictive force density can be understood in terms of field-induced pair interactions inside the material. Because of the related action and reaction effects, this force density cannot contribute to the net momentum transfer of the optical field. We also use the theory to simulate the propagation of a Gaussian light pulse through a dielectric material.
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