真核藻类的定量元素成像
Quantitative elemental imaging in eukaryotic algae
摘要：
从根本上说，所有生物都是由相同的原材料制成的，即周期表中的元素。生物化学多样性是通过这些元素如何被利用、用于什么目的以及在哪个物理位置来实现的。确定元素分布，特别是那些作为必需酶活性中心的辅助因子促进代谢的微量元素的分布，可以确定生物体的代谢状态、营养状况或发育阶段。光合真核生物，特别是藻类，是进行元素分布定量分析的极好对象。这些微生物利用独特的代谢途径，需要各种微量营养素在其核心，使其运作。光合微生物在营养供应有限或毒素污染的生境中作为初级生产者也具有重要的环境作用。因此，光合真核生物在生物技术开发、碳封存和生物修复方面具有巨大的意义，其中许多应用涉及各种微量元素，从而影响它们的配额和细胞内分布。许多不同的应用程序被开发用于元素成像，允许亚细胞分辨率，X射线荧光显微镜（XFM）处于最前沿，能够以非破坏性方法定量描述完整细胞。这篇综述总结了使用XFM对真核生物进行定量单细胞元素分布分析的工作流程。
英文摘要：
All organisms, fundamentally, are made from the same raw material, namely the elements of the periodic table. Biochemical diversity is achieved with how these elements are utilized, for what purpose and in which physical location. Determining elemental distributions, especially those of trace elements that facilitate metabolism as cofactors in the active centers of essential enzymes, can determine the state of metabolism, the nutritional status or the developmental stage of an organism. Photosynthetic eukaryotes, especially algae, are excellent subjects for quantitative analysis of elemental distribution. These microbes utilize unique metabolic pathways that require various trace nutrients at their core to enable its operation. Photosynthetic microbes also have important environmental roles as primary producers in habitats with limited nutrient supply or toxin contaminations. Accordingly, photosynthetic eukaryotes are of great interest for biotechnological exploitation, carbon sequestration and bioremediation, with many of the applications involving various trace elements and consequently affecting their quota and intracellular distribution. A number of diverse applications were developed for elemental imaging allowing subcellular resolution, with X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) being at the forefront, enabling quantitative descriptions of intact cells in a non-destructive method. This Tutorial Review summarizes the workflow of a quantitative, single-cell elemental distribution analysis of a eukaryotic alga using XFM.
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