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arXiv 2210.09353astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EP
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FUMES III:M矮色球的紫外和光学变率

FUMES III: Ultraviolet and Optical Variability of M Dwarf Chromospheres

Girish M. Duvvuri, J. Sebastian Pineda, Zachory K. Berta-Thompson, Kevin France, Allison Youngblood

摘要:

我们获得了9 M~矮星在一系列旋转周期内的紫外和光学光谱,以确定它们是否表现出与耀斑不同的随机内禀变率。在远紫外M~矮星演化巡天\emph{Hubble~Space~Telescope}计划中,利用空间望远镜成像摄谱仪观测到了紫外光谱。光学观测是从阿帕奇角天文台3.5米望远镜使用双成像光谱仪和从双子座南天文台使用双子座多目标光谱仪。我们用光谱测量了多条色球谱线:从H $α$到H $10$的巴耳末系列和\ion{Ca}{2} ~H和K谱线。我们发现,切除耀斑后,这些线的变化的顺序$1-20\%$在分钟的节奏在一个小时的过程中。在我们的样本中,旋转速度较快的M~矮星的绝对变化幅度更大。在5颗恒星中,测量较弱的巴耳末线,我们注意到一个暂定的趋势,分数振幅的变化增加高阶巴耳末线。我们测量了在过渡区形成的多个紫外发射特征的积分通量:\ion{N}{5},\ion{Si}{4}和\ion{C}{4}共振线双峰,以及\ion{C}{2}和\ion{He}{2}多重峰。UV数据的信噪比(S/N)太低,我们无法在与光学相同的尺度和时间节奏下检测非耀斑变异。我们认为,所观察到的随机变化的多种机制,并提出了观测和理论的调查途径,以确定在色球的M~矮星的内在变化的物理原因。

英文摘要:

We obtained ultraviolet and optical spectra for 9 M~dwarfs across a range of rotation periods to determine whether they showed stochastic intrinsic variability distinguishable from flares. The ultraviolet spectra were observed during the Far Ultraviolet M~Dwarf Evolution Survey \emph{Hubble~Space~Telescope} program using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. The optical observations were taken from the Apache Point Observatory 3.5-meter telescope using the Dual Imaging Spectrograph and from the Gemini South Observatory using the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph. We used the optical spectra to measure multiple chromospheric lines: the Balmer series from H$α$ to H$10$ and the \ion{Ca}{2}~H and K lines. We find that after excising flares, these lines vary on the order of $1-20\%$ at minute-cadence over the course of an hour. The absolute amplitude of variability was greater for the faster rotating M~dwarfs in our sample. Among the 5 stars for which measured the weaker Balmer lines, we note a tentative trend that the fractional amplitude of the variability increases for higher order Balmer lines. We measured the integrated flux of multiple ultraviolet emission features formed in the transition region: the \ion{N}{5}, \ion{Si}{4} and \ion{C}{4} resonance line doublets, and the \ion{C}{2} and \ion{He}{2} multiplets. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of the UV data was too low for us to detect non-flare variability at the same scale and time cadence as the optical. We consider multiple mechanisms for the observed stochastic variability and propose both observational and theoretical avenues of investigation to determine the physical causes of intrinsic variability in the chromospheres of M~dwarfs.

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