USSR数学教育的柯尔莫哥洛夫改革
The Kolmogorov Reform of Mathematics Education in the USSR
摘要：
在苏联的数学教育改革运动是由安德烈Kolmogorov在20世纪70年代引发的，其次是反改革。这场运动植根于当时和当地非常不同的社会经济条件，并遵循与美国，英国或法国的类似计划形成鲜明对比的战略。这提供了一个有趣的案例研究，可以说明这些运动是如何产生和成功或失败的，并在社会一级说明制约因素的某些基本共性以及根据当地条件的重大差异。我们将表明，科尔莫戈罗夫改革失败的主要原因是政治：（1）改革忽视了国家的社会经济条件的现实;（2）人的因素被忽视，很少注意专业发展和再培训，以及方法上的帮助，整个教师队伍;（3）试图将数学内容和方法从非常成功的高级扩展流中转移到主流教育中，这是一个特别严重的错误。
英文摘要：
In the Soviet Union a reform movement in mathematics education was triggered by Andrey Kolmogorov in the 1970s, and followed by a counter-reform. This movement was rooted in the very different socioeconomic conditions of that time and place, and followed a strategy with very significant contrasts to similar programs in the USA, England, or France. This provides an interesting case study which may illuminate the way such movements arise and succeed or fail, and, at the social level, certain fundamental commonalities of constraints as well as significant differences according to local conditions. We shall show that the principal reasons of the failure of the Kolmogorov reform were political: (1) The reform ignored the reality of the socio-economic conditions of the country; (2) The human factor was ignored, and very little attention was given to professional development and retraining of, and methodological help to, the whole army of teachers; (3) An attempt to transfer mathematical content and methods from the highly successful advanced extension stream for mathematically strong and highly engaged children to mainstream education was an especially grievous error.
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