模拟具有大IR/O/UV space telescope的类地系外行星的反射光日冕照相术：平滑外黄道尘的影响和校准
Simulating reflected light coronagraphy of Earth-like exoplanets with a large IR/O/UV space telescope: impact and calibration of smooth exozodiacal dust
摘要：
观测类地系外行星在类太阳恒星的宜居带内运行，并在反射星光下研究它们的大气层，需要在可见光下对比$\sim1\mathrm{e}{-10}$。在如此高的对比度下，被外黄尘反射的星光预计将成为一个重要的污染源。在这里，我们提出了高保真度模拟的日冕观测的合成太阳系位于10 pc的距离，观察与12米和8米外接孔径直径空间望远镜在500 nm波长。我们探索了不同的技术来从正面、30度倾斜和60度倾斜情况下的模拟图像中减去外黄道和恒星散斑，并将剩余的系统噪声量化为系统外黄道尘埃水平的函数。我们发现，在面对的情况下，exozodi可以减去exozodi水平高达$\sim1000$ zodi使用一个简单的玩具模型exozodiacal磁盘的光子噪声限制，而在60度倾斜的情况下，这只能工作到$\sim50$ zodi。我们还研究了较大的波前误差和较大的系统距离的影响，发现虽然前者没有显着的影响，后者有很强的（负面）影响。最后，我们推导出一个惩罚因子作为exozodi水平和系统倾角的函数，应该考虑在系外行星产量研究作为一个现实的估计，从exozodi过量的系统噪声。
英文摘要：
Observing Earth-like exoplanets orbiting within the habitable zone of Sun-like stars and studying their atmospheres in reflected starlight requires contrasts of $\sim1\mathrm{e}{-10}$ in the visible. At such high contrast, starlight reflected by exozodiacal dust is expected to be a significant source of contamination. Here, we present high-fidelity simulations of coronagraphic observations of a synthetic Solar System located at a distance of 10 pc and observed with a 12 m and an 8 m circumscribed aperture diameter space telescope operating at 500 nm wavelength. We explore different techniques to subtract the exozodi and stellar speckles from the simulated images in the face-on, the 30 deg inclined, and the 60 deg inclined case and quantify the remaining systematic noise as a function of the exozodiacal dust level of the system. We find that in the face-on case, the exozodi can be subtracted down to the photon noise limit for exozodi levels up to $\sim1000$ zodi using a simple toy model for the exozodiacal disk, whereas in the 60 deg inclined case this only works up to $\sim50$ zodi. We also investigate the impact of larger wavefront errors and larger system distance, finding that while the former have no significant impact, the latter has a strong (negative) impact. Ultimately, we derive a penalty factor as a function of the exozodi level and system inclination that should be considered in exoplanet yield studies as a realistic estimate for the excess systematic noise from the exozodi.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
