具有$\mathcal {P}$和$\mathcal {CP}$破坏的手征不平衡QCD一级相变的引力波和原初黑洞
Gravitational waves and primordial black holes from chirality imbalanced QCD first-order phase transition with $\mathcal {P}$ and $\mathcal {CP}$ violation
摘要：
QCD中的手征不平衡在高温下由瞬子反瞬子对的轴矢量排斥作用自发诱导，在低温下消失。手性化学势$μ_5$与从sphaleron跃迁估计的量级相同。在具有$\mathcal {P}$和$\mathcal {CP}$破坏的早期宇宙中，手征不平衡的相变总是一阶相变。本文研究了引力波的谱和原初黑洞的形成过程，并分析了强磁场的影响。LISA、Taiji和DECIGO都能探测到手征不平衡产生的引力波，其峰值能量密度在$10^{-11}$ ~ $10^{-9}$之间，峰值频率在$10^{-5}$ Hz ~ $10^{-2}$ Hz之间。轴向矢量耦合强度越大，磁场越强，谱的峰值能量密度越高，峰值频率越低。根据这一趋势，SKA、IPTA和EPTA也有可能探测到引力波。由反弹解计算出的相变逆时距$β/H_*$为$10^4$量级，远高于电弱相变的典型值$10-100$。基于假真空衰减延迟的机制，发现由于PDMATHAMT值较大，相变在极短的时间内完成，假真空能量密度急剧衰减，不利于原初黑洞的形成.
英文摘要：
The chirality imbalance in QCD is spontaneously induced by a repulsive axial-vector interaction from the instanton anti-instanton pairing at high temperature above the chiral phase transition, and vanishes at low temperature. The chiral chemical potential $μ_5$ is in the same magnitude as estimated from the sphaleron transition. Phase transition of the chirality imbalance is always a first-order one in the early universe with $\mathcal {P}$ and $\mathcal {CP}$ violation. The spectra of gravitational waves and the formation of the primordial black holes from this first-order phase transition is investigated in this work, and the effect of a strong magnetic field is also analyzed. The gravitational waves produced by chirality imbalance can be detected by LISA, Taiji and DECIGO, with the peak energy density locating in the range of $10^{-11}$ to $10^{-9}$ and the peak frequencies lying in the range of $10^{-5}$ Hz to $10^{-2}$ Hz. The spectrum with larger axial vector coupling strength and stronger magnetic field has higher peak energy density and lower peak frequency. According to this trend, the gravitational waves spectra might also be able to be detected by SKA, IPTA and EPTA. The Phase transition inverse duration $β/H_*$ calculated from the bounce solution is in the order of $10^4$, which is much higher than typical value $10-100$ from electroweak phase transitions. Based on the mechanism of postponement of the false vacuum decay, it is found that the formation of the primordial black hole is not favored because the phase transition completes in an extreme short time due to the large value of $β/H_*$ and thus the false vacuum energy density decays sharply.
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