喷流式与湍动恒星死亡：新型LVK可探测引力波源
Jetted and Turbulent Stellar Deaths: New LVK-Detectable Gravitational Wave Sources
AI总结：
本研究发现大质量恒星终态（喷流驱动的湍动包层）是新型非旋近引力波源，模拟显示其引力波或可在LVK的A+运行中被探测到，第三代探测器年探测率约10次，且坍缩星是强多信使事件。
摘要：
即将开展的LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA（LVK）观测运行预计将探测到各类来自黑洞和中子星并合的旋近引力波（GW）事件，非旋近引力波源的探测也在预期之中。我们报道了一类新型非旋近引力波源的发现——大质量恒星的终态，这类源能产生目前已知LVK频段内最亮的模拟随机引力波暴信号，或可在LVK的A+运行中被探测到。部分濒死大质量恒星会发射双极相对论性喷流，喷流在恒星内部膨胀出一个湍动的高能量泡——包层（cocoon）。我们采用最先进的三维广义相对论磁流体动力学模拟对该系统进行研究，结果表明这些包层会在LVK频段（约10-100 Hz）发射准各向同性引力波，特征喷流活动时标约为10-100秒。我们的第一性原理模拟显示，喷流存在摆动行为，这种情况下包层驱动的引力波或许在LVK的A+运行中就能被探测到，但更有可能被第三代引力波探测器探测到，估计事件率约为每年10次。如果所有喷流都呈传统的轴对称结构而非摆动结构，探测率将降至该值的约1%。结合高能核坍缩超新星和包层的电磁辐射，我们预测坍缩星（collapsars）是强大的多信使事件。
英文摘要：
Upcoming LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA (LVK) observing runs are expected to detect a variety of inspiralling gravitational-wave (GW) events, that come from black-hole and neutron-star binary mergers. Detection of non-inspiral GW sources is also anticipated. We report the discovery of a new class of non-inspiral GW sources - the end states of massive stars - that can produce the brightest simulated stochastic GW burst signal in LVK bands known to date, and could be detectable in the LVK run A+. Some dying massive stars launch bipolar relativistic jets, which inflate a turbulent energetic bubble - cocoon - inside of the star. We simulate such a system using state-of-the-art 3D general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations and show that these cocoons emit quasi-isotropic GW emission in the LVK band, $\sim 10-100$ Hz, over a characteristic jet activity timescale, $\sim 10-100$ s. Our first-principles simulations show that jets exhibit a wobbling behavior, in which case cocoon-powered GWs might be detected already in LVK run A+, but it is more likely that these GWs will be detected by the third generation GW detectors with estimated rate of $ \sim 10 $ events/year. The detection rate drops to $ \sim 1\% $ of that value if all jets were to feature a traditional axisymmetric structure instead of a wobble. Accompanied by electromagnetic emission from the energetic core-collapse supernova and the cocoon, we predict that collapsars are powerful multi-messenger events.
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